Structural characterization and antibacterial activity of hydroxyapatite synthesized via sol-gel method using glutinous rice as a template

Effect of calcium phosphate synthesis conditions on its physico-chemical properties and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

“…The antibacterial resistance of the Ca-P5 sample can be explained by two main factors: the first concerns the concentration of calcium in the sample and the second is attributed to the physicochemical properties, the shape and the size of the sample particles, crystalline structure, phases formed, degree of crystallization and functional groups. Some researcher [23] have suggested that the antibacterial activity can be attributed as calcium phosphate powders that are composed of metallic elements such as Na or Cl, which are derived from the primary solutions that were used in the synthesis of the powder. Moreover, the variation of the antibacterial activity from one sample to another is due to the difference of the crystalline structure and the secondary phases [23].…”

“…Some researcher [23] have suggested that the antibacterial activity can be attributed as calcium phosphate powders that are composed of metallic elements such as Na or Cl, which are derived from the primary solutions that were used in the synthesis of the powder. Moreover, the variation of the antibacterial activity from one sample to another is due to the difference of the crystalline structure and the secondary phases [23]. While, Other researchers [31,45] reported that the antibacterial activity was due to calcium ions and hydroxide which degrade the bacterial cell membrane and hence eliminate the Staphylococcus aureus.…”

“…Ca-P can be of natural [14][15][16][17][18][19] or synthetic origin [4,6,7,11,20,21]. It can be prepared using several methods such as: aqueous precipitation [7,17,22], sol-gel method [10,[22][23][24], solid reaction [25], and hydrothermal [26,27]. The synthetic Ca-P is an alternative to the natural material because of its chemical, biological and mechanical properties [4,15,28].…”

“…Excessive colonization of bacteria causing postoperative inflammation has serious consequences for the biocompatibility of calcium phosphate [29]. Several studies have been reported on the antibacterial activity of the biomaterials, including hydroxyapatite against certain types of bacteria, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, K. pneumonia, E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and B. cereus [23,29,[31][32][33][34][35]. Staphylococcus aureus spherical is one of the most common and most dangerous bacterial species.…”

“…These bacteria often cause inflammation after the implantation of medical devices such as pacemakers, heart valves, artificial joints and bone implants [26]. It is also believed that the antibacterial properties of Ca-P are related to its morphological properties, crystal structure and its concentration, its pH and the sintering temperature [18,23,26,32,36]. More recently, the improvement of the physico-chemical properties of biomedical materials, both natural and synthetic, has preoccupied researchers and industrialists [4,15,[37][38][39].…”