Structural Characterization, Biological Effects, and Synthetic Studies on Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a Popular Botanical Dietary Supplement

Abstract

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae) is a popular botanical dietary supplement in the United States, where it is used principally as an antioxidant. It is referred to as the “queen of fruits” in Thailand, a country of origin. The major secondary metabolites of mangosteen, the xanthones, exhibit a variety of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, and potential cancer chemopreventive activities. Moreover, some of the xanthones from mangosteen have been found to influence specific enzyme activities, such as aromatase, HIV-1 protease, inhibitor κB kinase, quinone reductase, sphingomyelinase, topoisomerase and several protein kinases, and they also modulate histamine H1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor binding. Several synthetic procedures for active xanthones and their analogs have been conducted to obtain a better insight into structure-activity relationships for this compound class. This short review deals with progress made in the structural characterization of the chemical constituents of mangosteen, as well as the biological activity of pure constituents of this species and synthetic methods for the mangosteen xanthones.

Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase of Selected Indonesia Medicinal Plants and Isolation of the Inhibitor from Erythrina variegata L. Leaves

“…AlCl 3 formed complex with hydroxyl groups and neighboring ketone (C-4 in ring C and C-5 on ring A). 7 This result was supported by UV-Vis spectrum. 8 The UV spectrum formed two bands on λ 355 and 275 nm which can be deduced that the isolate was flavonoid.…”

“…According to the research conducted by Chin and Kinghorn 2008, β-mangostin showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 RT of 42 %. 7 Morus alba has an inhibitory activity of 98.45 % by the morusin content. Psidium guajava has the inhibitory activity of 97.21 % associated with the content of quercetin and guajiverin.…”

Isoliquiritigenin Suppresses Osteosarcoma U2OS Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway

“…Previous research has demonstrated that ISL has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and antiplatelet aggregation effects [7][8][9]. In addition, some studies have proven that ISL also possesses antitumor activity against different cancers, including hepatoma [10], uterine leiomyoma [11], prostate cancer [6,12,13], melanoma [14], gastric cancer [15], and breast cancer [16], but the effects of ISL on osteosarcoma cells are still unclear.…”

Anti Cancer Activity of Active Substances from Mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana Linn) against T47 D Cell Lines

“…Garcinia mangostana Linn or commonly known as mangosteen is a plant from Guttiferae family and have been used traditionally for the treatment of skin infections and wound, amoebic dysentery and inflammation (Chaverri et al 2008;Chin & Kinghorn 2008). These plants contain xanthone-type compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, benzophenones, biphenyl compounds, pyrrole, benzofuran, tannins, and saponins (Chaverri et al 2008;Hutapea 1994).…”