Structural Elucidation and Immunostimulatory Activities of Quinoa Non-starch Polysaccharide Before and After Deproteinization

Abstract

Non-starch polysaccharides derived from natural resources play a significant role in the field of food science and human health due to their extensive distribution in nature and less toxicity. In this order, the immunostimulatory activity of a non-starch polysaccharide (CQNP) from Chenopodium quinoa was examined before and after deproteination in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The chemical composition of CQNP and deproteinated-CQNP (D-CQNP) were spectrometrically analysed that revealed the presence of carbohydrate (22.7 ± 0.8% and 39.5 ± 0.8%), protein (41.4 ± 0.5% and 20.8 ± 0.5%) and uronic acid (8.7 ± 0.3% and 6.7 ± 0.2%). The monosaccharide composition results exposed that CQNP possesses a high amount of arabinose (34.5 ± 0.3) followed by galactose (26.5 ± 0.2), glucose (21.9 ± 0.3), rhamnose (7.0 ± 0.1), mannose (6.0 ± 0.1) and xylose (4.2 ± 0.2). However, after deproteination, a difference was found in the order of the monosaccharide components, with galactose (41.1 ± 0.5) as a major unit followed by arabinose (34.7 ± 0.5), rhamnose (10.9 ± 0.2), glucose (6.6 ± 0.2), mannose (3.4 ± 0.2) and xylose (3.2 ± 0.2). Further, D-CQNP potentially stimulate the RAW 264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide (NO), upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and various pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells by D-CQNP takes place along the NF-κB and the MAPKs signaling pathways through the expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). This results demonstrate that RAW 264.7 cells are effectively stimulated after removal of the protein content in C. quinoa non-starch polysaccharides, which could be useful for develop a new immunostimulant agent.

Ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction and properties of Shatian pomelo peel polysaccharide

“…Although papain has a hydrolytic effect, these proteins were also dissolved in the extraction solution during the reaction, so although treated with protein removal, the polysaccharides extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method had the most protein impurities in comparison. Studies have shown a strong correlation between polysaccharide activity and its glyoxylate content, so it is interesting to use extraction methods that increase the glyoxylate content of polysaccharides [24] , [25] .…”

Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer

“…The influence of the protein part on the biological activity of the whole protein–PS conjugate/complex is still not a regular subject of study during the evaluation of immunomodulatory activity (including molecular mechanisms of action) of mushroom PSs. It has been demonstrated that a PS–protein complex CQNP from Chenopodium quinoa induces lower iNOS expression and NO production in RAW264.7 cells than the deproteinized PS sample D-CQNP [ 76 ]. The activation of NF- κ B and MAPK signaling pathways by D-CQNP is similar to that of LPS.…”

Optimization of protein removal process of Lonicera japonica polysaccharide and its immunomodulatory mechanism in cyclophosphamide‐induced mice by metabolomics and network pharmacology

“…When we investigated the effect of removing protein, the phenol–sulfuric acid method and the Folin–phenol method were used to determine the content of polysaccharides and protein before and after protein removal (Cao et al, 2022 ). The polysaccharide retention rate, protein clearance rate, and comprehensive score were used as indicators to evaluate the effect of protein removal.…”

“…Recent pharmacological studies have shown that Lonicera japonica polysaccharides have a broad spectrum of biological activity, including anti‐allergic, antipancreatic cancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and neuroprotective effects (Lin et al, 2016 ; Liu, Huang, & Hu, 2018 ; Tian et al, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Zhao et al, 2018 ). However, we found that polysaccharides extracted by water often contain more protein, which affects further study of their chemical properties and pharmacological activities (Cao et al, 2022 ; Younes & Rinaudo, 2015 ). To optimize the best approach and the best condition of deproteinization, five methods were investigated, including the enzymatic method, Sevage method, enzymatic–Sevage method, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method, and TCA–n‐butanol method.…”

“…However, we found that polysaccharides extracted by water often contain more protein, which affects further study of their chemical properties and pharmacological activities (Cao et al, 2022;Younes & Rinaudo, 2015). To optimize the best approach and the best condition of deproteinization, five methods were investigated, including the enzymatic method, Sevage method, enzymatic-Sevage method, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method, and TCA-n-butanol method.…”