“…In biological sciences, complex interactions between fluids and tissues have been used in modeling syrinxes formation in spinal cord (Heil & Bertram, 2016). In subsurface applications, they have been applied for modeling rock creep formation (Zhu et al, 2014), carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration (Knauss et al, 2005;Rutqvist et al, 2007;Vilarrasa et al, 2010), hydraulic fracturing (Zheng et al, 2015), and radioactive waste disposal (Ballarini et al, 2017;Jing et al, 1995).…”