Structural Principal Components Analysis of the Kinematics of the Soccer Kick Using Different Types of Rating Scales

Abstract

Different types of rating scales have been developed to guide the qualitative analysis of sports technique and improve rating accuracy However, it remains unclear what type of scale is more accurate and how rating accuracy is influenced by scale effects. This study aimed to: I) investigate the accuracy of rating scale type (analogue, numerical analogue, Likert and numerical Likert) for the rating of kinematic variables; and ii) explore how rating accuracy is influenced by scale effects. One experienced rater constructed the 100 mm-long scales and a group of 327 novice analysts rated the video-recorded soccer kick performance of 32 school children. Estimation error was calculated as the difference between estimated values and objective digitized values. Over-and under-estimation tendencies were assessed. The scale range was divided into equal-length intervals (e.g., low, middle, high angular range) to assess scale effects Statistical analysis consisted of an exploratory principal components analysis with varimax rotation, where items were forced into a three-factor solution. Numerical Likert scale designs may be suggested as optimum for the instruction of novice raters. Central-tendency error adversely affected visual estimations; however, other scale effects enhanced accuracy. The findings have implications for optimum scale design and improved instruction in qualitative analysis.

Developmental sequences for observing and assessing forceful kicking

“…0°). The path of the Angular approach may be performed as in a straight line or, more often, as a curved approach (Marqués-Bruna et al, 2008).…”

Automatic Markerless Motion Detector Method against Traditional Digitisation for 3-Dimensional Movement Kinematic Analysis of Ball Kicking in Soccer Field Context

“…Extracting players' movement kinematics data derived from ball kicking, such as passing actions or shooting against goalposts, is arguably important in the coaching process since it assists in identifying and understanding (a) body mechanical factor determinants for performance outputs; (b) practice constraints' (e.g., acute-to-chronic exercise or recovery related) effects on coordination aspects [3]; most importantly, (c) individual weaknesses in need of improvement, thereby allowing the provision of specific feedback to refine movement patterns [4]. Currently, among the tools available to examine kicking movement performance, video analysis originates the most objective and sensitive kinematic metrics, which are not always captured by only visual ratings [5]. In fact, video analysis has been used in some other research fields (e.g., animal displacement detection and analysis), as well as in a range of sports [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Relationship Between Passing and Ball Control in Soccer: Analysis of Variations of Kinematic Measures

“…Regarding the studies that evaluated the issue of controlling the skills, Augustus et al tried to determine whether technique refinement intervention, which was designed to produce stated hip displacement during the kicking stride, could develop maximal instep kick performance and identify differences between the two kicking techniques during the entire kicking movement [15]. Marqués-Bruna et al used the structural principle component analysis of the kinematics of soccer kick using various types of rating scales and examined the accuracy of rating scale type (e.g., analogue, numerical analogue, Likert, and numerical Likert) for the rating of kinematic variables [16]. Scurr and Hall tried to determine the effect of approach angle on kicking accuracy and on three-dimensional kinematics of penalty kicks [17].…”