Structural properties and anti-inflammatory activity of purified polysaccharides from Hen-of-the-woods mushrooms (Grifola frondosa)

Abstract

Grifola frondosa is an edible medicinal mushroom that has been proven to have a variety of health benefits. The main active ingredients of this mushroom are polysaccharides. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was used to obtain crude Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs). Then, purified GFP was obtained after purification. The optimum extraction conditions were an extraction time of 71 min, an extraction temperature of 90°C in a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:37 g/mL, and an ultrasonic power of 500 W. GFP was purified using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. The structural characterization of GFP was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ion chromatography (IC), and ultraviolet (UV) visible photometry. The morphology of GFP was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and Congo red testing. In addition, the administration of GFP in oxazolone (OXZ)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice was found to prevent weight loss. Different doses of GFP (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg body weight) were used, and sulfapyridine (SASP) was used as a positive control (370 mg/kg body weight) for the treatment of OXZ-induced UC. After treatment, the mice were killed, and blood and colon tissue samples were collected. GFP was found to prevent decreases in colon length and the levels of leukocytes, platelets, and neutrophils in UC mice. Moreover, GFP also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 β], increased IL-10, and reduced colon injury in UC mice. The results showed that Under these conditions, the predicted polysaccharide yield was 21.72%, and the actual extraction rate was 21.13%. The polysaccharide composition (molar ratio) was composed of fucose (0.025), glucosamine hydrochloride (0.004), galactose (0.063), glucose (0.869), and mannose (0.038). GFP was also found to have a typical absorption peak, and the GFP extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol was mainly β-glucan. These results indicate that ultrasound-assisted extraction of GFP could reduce OXZ-induced intestinal inflammation as a promising candidate for the treatment of UC, with the potential for development as a food supplement to improve intestinal diseases.

The Role of Grifola frondosa Polysaccharide in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Moreover, GFP could alleviate diabetic nephropathy by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway [25]. Moreover, according to previous research findings of our research group, GFP also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α reduced colon injury in ulcerative colitis mice [26]. However, whether GFP has the capability of preventing skeletal muscle atrophy in T2DM remains unknown.…”

“…The extraction and purification of GFP were carried out according to the conditions of the previous experiments of our group [26]. In brief, the crude GFP was obtained from Grifola frondosa powder through ultrasound-assisted extraction, which was then purified with polyamide, DEAE-52 cellulose ion exchange column, and Sephadex G-100 separately.…”

“…The purified polysaccharide composition was composed of fucose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, glucose, and mannose [26]. In order to further explore other potential mechanisms behind GFP in skeletal muscle atrophy of T2DM, we predicted the possibility of the interaction of five monosaccharides of GFP with TNF-α, NF-κB, FBXO32, and TRIM63 protein targets via molecular docking with MOE2019 software.…”

Grifola frondosa polysaccharide Ameliorates Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Regulating Macrophage Polarization of liver in Type 2 diabetes mellitus Rats

“…High-fat feed (42.4% basic feed, 15% sucrose, 10% lard, 2.5% cholesterol, 0.1% bile salt, 10% egg, and 20% sesame oil) was purchased from Beijing Biotech Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFP) were prepared according to the previous experimental conditions of our research group (Liu X et al, 2023), with a polysaccharide content of 92.50% and β-glucan content of 21.03%. Streptozotocin (STZ, Sigma, USA).…”

Natural products in atherosclerosis therapy by targeting PPARs: a review focusing on lipid metabolism and inflammation

“…Furthermore, sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus -derived fucoidan decreases LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and the downstream NF-κB and AKT/mTOR pathway ( 176 ). Moreover, Sargassum horneri -derived fucoidan is found to suppress inflammation by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38-MAPK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) ( 199 ). As PPAR activation modulates inflammation-related signaling pathway ( 14 ), fucoidans may suppress inflammation partially by regulating the expression of PPARs as mentioned above.…”