Structure-Activity Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products

Abstract

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is chiefly originated by a retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has influenced about 70 million populations worldwide. Even though several advancements have been invented in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, still HIV has become the dominant reason for death in South Africa, for example. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. In the present day, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate the drugs obtained from natural plants as well as the synthetic derivatives that have been derived from the natural compounds by various chemical reactions. Several plants such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity showing more potent anti-HIV activity along with their structures, SARs & important key findings.

In vitro inhibitory activity against HPV of the monoterpenoid zinc tetra-ascorbo-camphorate

“…The zinc tetra-ascorbo-camphorate molecule belongs to the heterogenous family of terpenoids, which is abundant, diverse in nature, extracted from various plants or obtained by chemical synthesis, and which comprises several characterized therapeutic agents having a large array of pharmacological properties such as anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities [ 11 , 15 , 16 ]. Antiviral activities of terpenoids have been reported for a wide variety of RNA and DNA viruses, including HIV [ 11 , 16 , 17 , 27 , 28 ], influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1) [ 29 ], or other influenza viruses [ 15 ], hepatitis A virus [ 15 , 30 ], hepatitis B virus [ 12 , 15 , 31 , 32 ], hepatitis C virus [ 15 , 33 ], vesicular stomatitis virus [ 15 ], human enterovirus 71 [ 15 ], orthopoxviruses [ 34 ] pathogenic flaviviruses [ 35 ] including dengue virus [ 36 ], Herpesviridae family viruses [varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus type (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus] [ 15 , 31 , 33 , 37 , 38 ] and emerging pathogenic SARS-coronaviruses [ 15 , 39 ].…”

“…Natural products constitute a wide source of antiviral agents, a priori devoid of cellular toxicity [ 11 ]. Terpenoids, which derive from isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) with a great diversity of chemical structure, are abundant plant metabolites, several molecules of which have therapeutic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Furthermore, terpenoids have generated a lot of interest due to their antiviral properties in vitro against HIV [ 15 , 16 ].…”

A review on the potential of underutilized Blackjack (Biden Pilosa) naturally occurring in sub-Saharan Africa

“…As a result of the failure of existing anti-AIDS techniques due to multidrug resistance, most treatment plans look to natural items with anti-HIV potential [ 92 ]. This necessitates the development of novel and effective anti-AIDS medications derived from natural sources [ 92 ].…”

“…As a result of the failure of existing anti-AIDS techniques due to multidrug resistance, most treatment plans look to natural items with anti-HIV potential [ 92 ]. This necessitates the development of novel and effective anti-AIDS medications derived from natural sources [ 92 ]. WHO proposes that ethnomedicines and several other natural elements be thoroughly tested to achieve the goal of preventing HIV [ 93 , 94 ].…”

Editorial to Special Issue—“Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of Natural Products”

“…Review articles in this SI discuss recent studies that attempt to investigate the SAR of NPs that have shown anti-HIV activities [ 28 ], modulatory activities in zinc-independent histone deacetylases, sirtuins often implicated in human disease [ 29 ] and SAR in plant-derived sweeteners [ 30 ]. The readers are invited to enjoy the reading of the articles of this SI.…”