Structure and expression of a cyst specific protein of Acanthamoeba castellanii

Hirukawa, Yukiko; Nakato, Hiroshi; Izumi, Susumu; Tsuruhara, Takashi; Tomino, Shiro

doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00026-8

Cited by 59 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Most of the researchers have used axenically grown amoebae that have been induced to produce cysts by nutrient deprivation in the presence of Mg 2ϩ (11,27). Encystment in such media may not always produce 100% mature cysts, which may in turn affect the biocide resistance of the cysts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions

Johnston¹,

Sriram²,

Qvarnström³

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

116

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Acanthamoebae are free-living amoebae found in the environment, including soil, freshwater, brackish water, seawater, hot tubs, and Jacuzzis. Acanthamoeba species can cause keratitis, a painful vision-threatening infection of the cornea, and fatal granulomatous encephalitis in humans. More than 20 species of Acanthamoeba belonging to morphological groups I, II, and III distributed in 15 genotypes have been described. Among these, Acanthamoeba castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. hatchetti are frequently identified as causing Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Improper contact lens care and contact with nonsterile water while wearing contact lenses are known risk factors for AK. During a recent multistate outbreak, AK was found to be associated with the use of Advanced Medical Optics Complete MoisturePlus multipurpose contact lens solution, which was hypothesized to have had insufficient anti-Acanthamoeba activity. As part of the investigation of that outbreak, we compared the efficacies of 11 different contact lens solutions against cysts of A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. hatchetti (the isolates of all species were genotype T4), which were isolated in 2007 from specimens obtained during the outbreak investigation. The data, generated with A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. hatchetti cysts, suggest that the two contact lens solutions containing hydrogen peroxide were the only solutions that showed any disinfection ability, with 0% and 66% growth, respectively, being detected with A. castellanii and 0% and 33% growth, respectively, being detected with A. polyphaga. There was no statistically significant difference in disinfection efficacy between the 11 solutions for A. hatchetti.Acanthamoebae, which are free-living amoebae, occur worldwide in soil and water. It has been isolated from ponds, lakes, brackish water. and seawater; filters of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning units; medical equipment, such as gastric wash tubing, dental irrigation units, contact lenses, and contact lens solutions; as well as vegetables, cell cultures, and even human and animal tissues (7,23,39). It has also been isolated from toxic waste dumpsites with high levels of pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and polychlorinated biphenyls (35). Acanthamoeba species have two stages in their life cycle: a vegetative or trophozoite stage that reproduces by binary fission and that feeds voraciously on the bacteria and detritus present in the environment and a nondividing, cyst stage that is resistant to environmental stress. Acanthamoeba amoebae cause different types of human disease, including central nervous system infections (granulomatous amebic encephalitis, cutaneous infections) Acanthamoeba dermatitis, and ocular infections (Acanthamoeba keratitis [AK]). Granulomatous amebic encephalitis and cutaneous infections principally occur in immunocompromised individuals, including patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS (17,23,37,43). In contrast, AK principally occurs in immunocompetent individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions

Johnston¹,

Sriram²,

Qvarnström³

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

116

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“…Strain PAT06 was chosen because it was a fresh isolate that had so far retained its ability to encyst whereas older isolates usually display strongly reduced encystment rates (Kö hsler et al, 2008). When we induced encystment with infected PAT06 cells by using a Tris-buffered starvation medium (Hirukawa et al, 1998;Kö hsler et al, 2008), no mature cysts were formed. Most of the cells in the culture were lysed within 24 h but a proportion of infected cells survived extended periods of time in starvation medium (at least 3 days).…”

Section: Proteomic Aspects Of Parachlamydia Acanthamoebae Infection Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic aspects of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae infection in Acanthamoeba spp.

et al. 2010

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The free-living but facultatively pathogenic amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are frequently infected with bacterial endosymbionts that can have a profound influence on the physiology and viability of their host. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, a chlamydial endosymbiont in acanthamoebae, is known to be either symbiotic or lytic to its host, depending on the ambient conditions, for example, temperature. Moreover, parachlamydiae can also inhibit the encystment process in Acanthamoeba, an essential survival strategy of their host for the evasion of chemotherapeutic agents, heat, desiccation and radiation. To obtain a more detailed picture of the intracellular interactions of parachlamydiae and acanthamoebae, we studied parachlamydial infection in several Acanthamoeba isolates at the proteomic level by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry. We observed that P. acanthamoebae can infect all three morphological subtypes of the genus Acanthamoeba and that the proteome pattern of released P. acanthamoebae elementary bodies was always practically identical regardless of the Acanthamoeba strain infected. Moreover, by comparing proteome patterns of encysting cells from infected and uninfected Acanthamoeba cultures, it was shown that encystment is blocked by P. acanthamoebae at a very early stage. Finally, on 2D-gels of purified P. acanthamoebae from culture supernatants, a subunit of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, that is, an enzyme that has been described as an indicator for bacterial virulence was identified by a mass spectrometric and bioinformatic approach.

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“…This protein has been identified by SDS-PAGE analysis. CSP21 is hydrophilic and produced during early stages of encystment (24). Despite the fact that the precise cellular localization is not known, immunodetection results suggest that this protein is associated with cyst walls (24).…”

Section: The Cyst-specific Protein Csp21mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CSP21 is hydrophilic and produced during early stages of encystment (24). Despite the fact that the precise cellular localization is not known, immunodetection results suggest that this protein is associated with cyst walls (24). Studies at the mRNA level have confirmed its early expression during the encystment process (10) and that this expression is specific for cysts (39).…”

Section: The Cyst-specific Protein Csp21mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Changes during Encystment of Free-Living Amoebae

Fouque

Trouilhé

Thomas³

et al. 2012

Eukaryot Cell

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ABSTRACTFree-living amoebae are protozoa found in soil and water. Among them, some are pathogenic and many have been described as potential reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria. Their cell cycle is divided into at least two forms, the trophozoite and the cyst, and the differentiation process is named encystment. As cysts are more resistant to disinfection treatments than trophozoites, many studies focused on encystment, but until recently, little was known about cellular, biochemical, and molecular modifications operating during this process. Important signals and signaling pathways at play during encystment, as well as cell responses at the molecular level, have been described. This review summarizes our knowledge and focuses on new findings.

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Structure and expression of a cyst specific protein of Acanthamoeba castellanii

Cited by 59 publications

References 35 publications

Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions

Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions

Proteomic aspects of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae infection in Acanthamoeba spp.

Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Changes during Encystment of Free-Living Amoebae

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