Structure and function of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores

An Efficient Method for Isolating and Purifying Nuclei from Mice Brain for Single-Molecule Imaging Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy

“…NPCs serve as the only gateways between the nucleus and Cells 2024, 13, 279 2 of 16 the cytoplasm [10][11][12][13][14][15]. NPCs are tiny gatekeepers that have a central, selective, cobweb-like barrier made up mostly of nucleoporins (Nups) [11,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. Nucleoporins are a collection of around 30 distinct proteins that are assembled inside the cell to form biological "nanomachines" that form an eightfold rotationally symmetric core 8 scaffold that can expand between 40 and 60 nm in diameter [10,[16][17][18][19]22].…”

“…NPCs are tiny gatekeepers that have a central, selective, cobweb-like barrier made up mostly of nucleoporins (Nups) [11,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. Nucleoporins are a collection of around 30 distinct proteins that are assembled inside the cell to form biological "nanomachines" that form an eightfold rotationally symmetric core 8 scaffold that can expand between 40 and 60 nm in diameter [10,[16][17][18][19]22]. Nucleoporins (Nups) can be classified into three main groups based on their localization and functions: transmembrane Nups, which are integrated into the structure of the nuclear envelope (NE); central scaffold Nups, which provide structural support; and phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-Nups, which constitute the selective barrier within NPCs [4,5,9,12,[22][23][24].…”

“…The latest progress in NPC architecture involved integrating state-of-the-art highresolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) [41], advanced artificial intelligence-based deep learning [42,43], and all available structural data obtained from X-ray crystallography, NMR, and mass spectrometry [17]. This resulted in achieving structural modeling with a resolution of less than one nanometer [19,29].…”