Structure and functionality of Rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell wall and in solution: A review

Kaczmarska, Adrianna; Pieczywek, Piotr M.; Cybulska, Justyna; Zdunek, Artur

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118909

Cited by 89 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…As one of the least understood cell wall glycopolymers 9 , RG-I exhibits a range of structures and sizes across different plant species and tissues. The isolation of RG-I polysaccharides has previously required extensive sequential selective hydrolysis and extraction of pectin-rich tissues such as citrus peels, the major source of commercial pectins 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization of the backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I

et al. 2022

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Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is a major plant cell wall pectic polysaccharide de ned by its repeating disaccharide backbone structure of [4)-α-d-GalA-(1,2)-α-l-Rha-(1,]. A family of RG-I:Rhamnosyltransferases (RRT) has previously been identi ed, but synthesis of the RG-I backbone has not been demonstrated in vitro because the identity of Rhamnogalacturonan I:Galaturonosyltransferase (RG-I:GalAT) was unknown.Here, a putative glycosyltransferase, At1g28240/MUCI70, is shown to be an RG-I:GalAT. The name RGGAT1 is proposed to re ect the catalytic activity of this enzyme. When incubated together with the rhamnosyltransferase RRT4, the combined activities of RGGAT1 and RRT4 result in elongation of RG-I acceptors in vitro into polymeric product. RGGAT1 is a member of a new GT family categorized as GTx that is phylogenetically distinct from the GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (GAUT) family of GalA transferases that synthesize the backbone of the pectin homogalacturonan (HG). RGGAT1 has a predicted GT-A fold structure, but employs a metal-independent catalytic mechanism that is rare among glycosyltransferases with this fold type, suggesting that RG-I biosynthesis has functionally diverged from the mechanisms used for synthesis of HG and other plant cell wall polysaccharides.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization of the backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I

et al. 2022

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“…Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide widely distributed throughout the plant cell wall and middle lamella [ 1 , 2 ]. It is structurally complex and comprised of O-1 and O-4 linked galacturonic acids (GalA) with three major units, homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The pectin molecule itself can be broadly categorized based on two key parameters, molecular weight (5–2, 180 kDa), and degree of esterification (DE), also referred to as degree of methoxylation (DM), which is the percent composition of methyl esterified GalA compared to GalA [ 2 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pectin molecule with a DE of less than 50% is considered low degree of esterification pectin (LDE) and one with a DE of greater than 50% is considered high degree of esterification pectin (HDE) [ 2 ]. The structure of pectin is highly variable, and differs between plants and developmental phases, such as fruit ripening [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure and Function by Two Structurally Different Lemon Pectins

Firrman

Mahalak

Bobokalonov

et al. 2022

Foods

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Pectins are plant polysaccharides consumed as part of a diet containing fruits and vegetables. Inside the gastrointestinal tract, pectin cannot be metabolized by the mammalian cells but is fermented by the gut microbiota in the colon with the subsequent release of end products including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The prebiotic effects of pectin have been previously evaluated but reports are inconsistent, most likely due to differences in the pectin chemical structure which can vary by molecular weight (MW) and degree of esterification (DE). Here, the effects of two different MW lemon pectins with varying DEs on the gut microbiota of two donors were evaluated in vitro. The results demonstrated that low MW, high DE lemon pectin (LMW-HDE) altered community structure in a donor-dependent manner, whereas high MW, low DE lemon pectin (HMW-LDE) increased taxa within Lachnospiraceae in both donors. LMW-HDE and HMW-LDE lemon pectins both increased total SCFAs (1.49- and 1.46-fold, respectively) and increased acetic acid by 1.64-fold. Additionally, LMW-HDE lemon pectin led to an average 1.41-fold increase in butanoic acid. Together, these data provide valuable information linking chemical structure of pectin to its effect on the gut microbiota structure and function, which is important to understanding its prebiotic potential.

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“…RG-I and its side chains (i.e. arabinans, galactans and/or arabinogalactans) have been postulated as cell wall plasticizers, which is a crucial feature for cells undergoing structural wall changes during dehydration and rehydration (Harholt et al, 2010; Moore et al, 2013; Kaczmarska et al, 2022). Together, MFA of the CoMPP results suggests that fundamental differences exist between the cell wall composition of diverse succulent and non-succulent species ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are cell wall traits a component of the succulent syndrome?

Fradera‐Soler

Leverett

Mravec³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Succulence is an adaptation to low water availability characterised by the presence of water-storage tissues that alleviate water stress under low water availability. The succulent syndrome has evolved convergently in over 80 plant families and is associated with anatomical, physiological and biochemical traits. Despite the alleged importance of cell wall traits in drought responses, their significance in the succulent syndrome has long been overlooked. Here, by analysing published pressure–volume curves, we show that elastic adjustment, whereby plants change cell wall elasticity, is uniquely beneficial to succulents for avoiding turgor loss. In addition, we used comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) to assess the biochemical composition of cell walls in leaves. Across phylogenetically diverse species, we uncover several differences in cell wall biochemistry between succulent and non-succulent leaves, pointing to the existence of a ‘succulent glycome’. We also highlight the glycomic diversity among succulent plants, with some glycomic features being restricted to certain succulent lineages. In conclusion, we suggest that cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry should be considered among the characteristic traits that make up the succulent syndrome.

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Structure and functionality of Rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell wall and in solution: A review

Cited by 89 publications

References 113 publications

Polymerization of the backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I

Polymerization of the backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure and Function by Two Structurally Different Lemon Pectins

Are cell wall traits a component of the succulent syndrome?

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