Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Brinkmann, Martin

doi:10.1002/polb.22310

Cited by 368 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…These periods correspond well with the ones extracted from the angularly averaged ED line scans in Figure 3 as well as the lamellar periods reported in the literature for form I P3ATs (vide infra). 5,35 As seen in Figure 2, the length of the side chains has a clear influence on the proportion of nanocrystals observed by HR-TEM. As the length of the alkyl side chains increases, a higher fraction of face-on oriented nanocrystallites is evidenced.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

et al. 2012

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The impact of thermal annealing on the growth of crystalline nanodomains of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) in thin films (15−20 nm thick) was investigated as a function of length of alkyl side chain by combined low-dose highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). Statistical analysis of the data yields the characteristic dimensions of the face-on oriented P3AT nanocrystals, i.e., average stem length l c along backbones and lateral dimension perpendicular to the stems l a along side chains. The following trends were identified: (i) in as-spin-coated films, the proportion of face-on oriented nanocrystals increases with the number of carbon atoms in the side chain, (ii) annealing favors the lateral in-plane growth of the nanocrystals along the side chain direction (a P3AT axis), (iii) for a given P3AT, the proportion of face-on oriented domains increases with annealing temperature, (iv) lateral growth along the a P3AT axis is most efficient for the longer octyl side chains, and (v) thermal annealing induces only modest lamellar thickening which is limited by the poor slide diffusion of π-stacked P3AT chains as opposed to lateral growth favored by weak van der Waals interactions between layers of n-alkyl side chains. The increase in the population of face-on oriented crystallites, observed when the length of the side chain increases, coincides with a corresponding decrease in the field effect mobility in annealed P3AT thin films.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

et al. 2012

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“…29,30 While the conjugated backbone is the origin of the optoelectronic properties and one would like to maximize the density of the main chain, the limited solubility requires the use of an alkyl side chain for ease of processing. The chemical .…”

Section: Morphology Study Based On P3htmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the morphology of polymer‐based photovoltaics

Liu

Jung

et al. 2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

308

248

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We review the morphologies of polymer-based solar cells and the parameters that govern the evolution of the morphologies and describe different approaches to achieve the optimum morphology for a BHJ OPV. While there are some distinct differences, there are also some commonalities. It is evident that morphology and the control of the morphology are important for device performance and, by controlling the thermodynamics, in particular, the interactions of the components, and by controlling kinetic parameters, like the rate of solvent evaporation, crystallization and phase separation, optimized morphologies for a given system can be achieved. While much research has focused on P3HT, it is evident that a clearer understanding of the morphology and the evolution of the morphology in low bad gap polymer systems will increase the efficiency further. While current OPVs are on the verge of breaking the 10% barrier, manipulating and controlling the morphology will still be key for device optimization and, equally important, for the fabrication of these devices in an industrial setting.

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“…However, clarifying the detailed, bottom-up relationship between materials and performance has been always challenging since the discovery of semi-conducting conjugated polymers. After the related research for several decades, a great progress has been made in this field [2,3,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], i.e., proposing more clear and efficient synthesis guidelines, concluding principles to improve morphological order and revealing the importance of morphological and structural features in films to the final performance. Now, synthesis of more efficient π-conjugated systems and improvement of order in films have become the essential problems for the development of opto-electronic functional conjugated polymers in terms of chemistry and physics, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers for an Improved Charge Transport

Wang

et al. 2013

Polymers

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Abstract:The morphological and structural features of the conjugated polymer films play an important role in the charge transport and the final performance of organic optoelectronics devices [such as organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) and organic photovoltaic cell (OPV), etc.] in terms of crystallinity, packing of polymer chains and connection between crystal domains. This review will discuss how the conjugated polymer solidify into, for instance, thin-film structures, and how to control the molecular arrangement of such functional polymer architectures by controlling the polymer chain rigidity, polymer solution aggregation, suitable processing procedures, etc. These basic elements in intrinsic properties and processing strategy described here would be helpful to understand the correlation between morphology and charge transport properties and guide the preparation of efficient functional conjugated polymer films correspondingly.

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Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Cited by 368 publications

References 97 publications

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

On the morphology of polymer‐based photovoltaics

Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers for an Improved Charge Transport

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