Structure and replication cycle of a virus infecting climate-modulating alga
            <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

Homola, Miroslav; Büttner, Carina R.; Füzik, Tibor; Křepelka, Pavel; Holbová, Radka; Nováček, Jiří; Chaillet, Marten L.; Žák, Jakub; Grybchuk, Danyil; Förster, Friedrich; Wilson, William H.; Schroeder, Declan C.; Plevka, Pavel

doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk1954

Cited by 2 publications

References 83 publications

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Nucleocytoviricota Viral Factories Are Transient Organelles Made by Phase Separation

Rigou,

Schmitt,

Lartigue

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Phase separation is a common mechanism utilized by viruses to achieve replication, host manipulation and virion morphogenesis. The newly defined phylum _Nucleocytoviricota_ encompass ubiquitous and diverse viruses including _Poxviridae,_ the climate-modulating _Emiliania huxleyi_ virus and the previously termed Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). Cytoplasmic members of this phylum form viral factories but their nature remains unknow. Here we show that these viral factories are formed by phase separation. We demonstrate that mimivirus viral factories are formed by multilayered phase separation using at least two scaffold proteins. We also generate a pipeline to bioinformatically identify putative scaffold proteins in all other _Nucleocytoviricota_ despite major primary sequence variability. Such predictions were based on a conserved molecular grammar governed by electrostatic interactions. Scaffold candidates were validated for the family _Marseilleviridae_ and highlighted a role of H5 as a scaffold protein in poxviruses. Finally, we provide a repertoire of client proteins of the nucleus-like viral factory of mimivirus and demonstrate important sub-compartmentalization of functions including the central dogma. Overall, we reveal a new mechanism for the acquisition of nuclear-like functions entirely based on phase separation and re-classified phylum _Nucleocytoviricota_ viral factories as biomolecular condensates.

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Nucleocytoviricota Viral Factories Are Transient Organelles Made by Phase Separation

Rigou,

Schmitt,

Lartigue

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Stability of a surrogate African swine fever-like algal virus in corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients during extended storage and in vitro digestion processes

Shurson,

Ramirez-Camba,

Urriola

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Prevention of transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) through contaminated feed ingredients and complete feed is an important component of biosecurity protocols for global feed supply chains. Use of extended storage times for feed ingredients has become a popular and emerging mitigation strategy that may allow partial inactivation of ASFV before manufacturing swine feeds. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is unclear because limited studies have been conducted using diverse methodologies and insufficiently sensitive measures of virus viability of only a few types of feed matrices. Therefore, interpretation of results from these studies has made providing prudent recommendations difficult. Furthermore, although a few studies have shown that feed is a plausible route of transmission of ASFV to pigs, there are conflicting findings on the infectivity of ASFV that may be present in feed, which may be related to the extent that ASFV is degraded in the pig’s digestive system after it is consumed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to use a surrogate ASFV-like algal virus (Emiliania huxleyi; EhV) to determine stability in corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients and complete feed during a 120-day storage period at temperatures up to 34°C, and EhV survival in various feed matrices during three stages of an in vitro digestion process. Results indicated that inoculating corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients and complete feed with EhV and storing them at 4°C, 24°C, or 34°C for up to 120 days did not result in the complete inactivation of EhV in any of these matrices. Because EhV has similar environmental and thermal resilience to ASFV, these results indicate that both viruses can maintain viability in various feed matrices during long-term storage and suggest that extending storage time up to 120 days is not an effective mitigation practice against ASFV. We also determined that between approximately 5- to more than 7-log (99.999 to 99.99999%) reductions in EhV in various feed matrices occur during the entire in vitro digestion and fermentation process. These reductions appear to be correlated with the chemical composition of the matrices, potentially explaining inconsistencies in ASFV infection when pigs consume infectious doses of contaminated feed.

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Structure and replication cycle of a virus infecting climate-modulating alga Emiliania huxleyi

Cited by 2 publications

References 83 publications

Nucleocytoviricota Viral Factories Are Transient Organelles Made by Phase Separation

Nucleocytoviricota Viral Factories Are Transient Organelles Made by Phase Separation

Stability of a surrogate African swine fever-like algal virus in corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients during extended storage and in vitro digestion processes

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