Structure, development and evolution of the digestive system

Hartenstein, Volker; Martinez, Pedro

doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03102-x

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Inflammation is a common and basic pathological process in digestive system diseases. 18 Acupuncture offers a great advantage in consolidating the curative effect, in reducing the recurrence rate, and in improving immunity in digestive system diseases, such as hepatitis, acute/chronic pancreatitis, chronic atrophic gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and other inflammatory diseases ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation

Li¹,

Guo²,

Gong³

et al. 2021

JIR

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Inflammation plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This study comprehensively reviews and presents literature from the last five years, showing that acupuncture indeed exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in multiple biological systems, namely, the immune, digestive, respiratory, nervous, locomotory, circulatory, endocrine, and genitourinary systems. It is well known that localized acupuncture-mediated anti-inflammatory effects involve the regulation of multiple populations and functions of immune cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and T cells. In acupuncture stimulation, macrophages transform from the M1 to the M2 phenotype and the negative TLR4 regulator PPARγ is activated to inhibit the intracellular TLR/MyD88 and NOD signaling pathways. The downstream IκBα/NF-κB and P38 MAPK pathways are subsequently inhibited by acupuncture, followed by suppressed production of inflammasome and proinflammatory mediators. Acupuncture also modulates the balance of helper T cell populations. Furthermore, it inhibits oxidative stress by enhancing SOD activity via the Nrf2/ HO-1 pathway and eliminates the generation of oxygen free radicals, thereby preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture on different biological systems are also specific to individual organ microenvironments. As part of its anti-inflammatory action, acupuncture deforms connective tissue and upregulates the secretion of various molecules in acupoints, further activating the NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK pathways in mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. The somatic afferents present in acupuncture-activated acupoints also convey sensory signals to the spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamic neurons. Upon information integration in the brain, acupuncture further stimulates multiple neuro-immune pathways, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory, vagus-adrenal medulla-dopamine, and sympathetic pathways, as well as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, ultimately acting immune cells via the release of crucial neurotransmitters and hormones. This review provides a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoints for the clinical application of acupuncture in various inflammatory conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation

Li¹,

Guo²,

Gong³

et al. 2021

JIR

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“…The close relatedness of EECs and PECs is also illustrated by the high percentage of genes expressed in both tissues: amongst all genes expressed in pancreatic or intestinal endocrine cells above the threshold of 10 normalized CPM (8326 and 8264 genes, respectively), 74% of them are expressed in both tissues (Fig. 3b), while if the same analysis is done for genes expressed in EECs and liver, only 45% of them are expressed in both tissues [16][17][18] Identification of the 3 novel hormones expressed in zebrafish EECs by screening the RNA-seq data with the Gene Ontology term "hormone activity" (GO: 0005179) and selecting hormones expressed at high levels (> 2.000 CPM). Column 3 indicates the Ensembl ID of the zebrafish genes.…”

Section: Close Relatedness Between the Enteroendocrine And Pancreaticmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…EECs have been detected in the gut of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, and their formation appears early during animal evolution dating back to the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor [16][17][18]. In contrast, the pancreas and the PECs appeared much later with the first vertebrate species [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells in zebrafish share common transcriptomic signatures and regulatory programmes

et al. 2020

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Background: Endocrine cells of the zebrafish digestive system play an important role in regulating metabolism and include pancreatic endocrine cells (PECs) clustered in the islets of Langerhans and the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) scattered in the intestinal epithelium. Despite EECs and PECs are being located in distinct organs, their differentiation involves shared molecular mechanisms and transcription factors. However, their degree of relatedness remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated comprehensively the similarity of EECs and PECs by defining their transcriptomic landscape and comparing the regulatory programmes controlled by Pax6b, a key player in both EEC and PEC differentiations. Results: RNA sequencing was performed on EECs and PECs isolated from wild-type and pax6b mutant zebrafish. Data mining of wild-type zebrafish EEC data confirmed the expression of orthologues for most known mammalian EEC hormones, but also revealed the expression of three additional neuropeptide hormones (Proenkephalin-a, Calcitonin-a and Adcyap1a) not previously reported to be expressed by EECs in any species. Comparison of transcriptomes from EECs, PECs and other zebrafish tissues highlights a very close similarity between EECs and PECs, with more than 70% of genes being expressed in both endocrine cell types. Comparison of Pax6b-regulated genes in EECs and PECs revealed a significant overlap. pax6b loss-of-function does not affect the total number of EECs and PECs but instead disrupts the balance between endocrine cell subtypes, leading to an increase of ghrelin-and motilin-like-expressing cells in both the intestine and pancreas at the expense of other endocrine cells such as beta and delta cells in the pancreas and pyyb-expressing cells in the intestine. Finally, we show that the homeodomain of Pax6b is dispensable for its action in both EECs and PECs.

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“…The mammalian digestive system is complex and highly derived, consisting of the digestive tract and digestive glands ( Hartenstein & Martinez, 2019 ). Digestive behavior is a principal physiological approach to absorbing nutrients from food.…”

Section: The Digestive Behaviors Of Dfs From Rice Bran and Wheat Branmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dietary fibers from rice bran and wheat bran on gut microbiota: An overview

Yao

Gong

et al. 2022

Food Chemistry: X

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Structure, development and evolution of the digestive system

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation

The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation

Pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells in zebrafish share common transcriptomic signatures and regulatory programmes

The effects of dietary fibers from rice bran and wheat bran on gut microbiota: An overview

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