Structure Learning and the Parietal Cortex

Summerfield, Christopher; Luyckx, Fabrice; Sheahan, Hannah

doi:10.31234/osf.io/zfxj2

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Based on this property of the task, we can hypothesise a cognitive mechanism that could generate our above results, as follows. Summerfield et al (2019) recently described a theory for the role of posterior parietal cortex (PPC, i.e. part of the dorsal visual stream, the so-called 'what' stream) in processing relational structure in the environment.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Power in Fronto-Parietal Theta EEG Linked to Impaired Attention-Sampling in Adult ADHD

Cowley

Juurmaa

Palomäki

2021

eNeuro

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Section: Interpretation Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Power in Fronto-Parietal Theta EEG Linked to Impaired Attention-Sampling in Adult ADHD

Cowley

Juurmaa

Palomäki

2021

eNeuro

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“…It is possible that revaluation choices changed these cached CS values, instead of the CS-US associations. Under this reasoning, one would assume that the value information conveyed by CS 0 A, the CS not chosen during revaluation and supposedly devalued, would become more similar to the value information of the low-valued USafter choice-induced revaluation (Summerfield, Luyckx, & Sheahan, 2019 However, as we did not find behavioral support for the hypothesized devaluation effect, the "cached value" effects should be interpreted with caution.…”

Section: Hippocampal Cs-us Repetition Suppression Correlates With Futmentioning

confidence: 68%

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

Luettgau

Tempelmann

Kaiser

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Decision making is guided by memories of option values. However, retrieving items from memory renders them malleable. Here, we show that merely retrieving values from memory and making a choice between options is sufficient both to induce changes to stimulus-reward associations in the hippocampus and to bias future decision making. After allowing participants to make repeated choices between reward-conditioned stimuli, in the absence of any outcome, we observed that participants preferred stimuli they had previously chosen, and neglected previously unchosen stimuli, over otherwise identical-valued options. Using functional brain imaging, we show that decisions induced changes to hippocampal representations of stimulusoutcome associations. These changes were correlated with future decision biases. Our results indicate that choice-induced preference changes are partially driven by choice-induced modification of memory representations and suggest that merely making a choice -even without experiencing any outcomes -induces associative plasticity. Results Behavioral ExperimentsFirst, we detailed the behavioral choice-induced revaluation effect in three independent experiments. In each experiment, participants learnt associations between neutrally rated CS and three food items (Blechert, Meule, Busch, & Ohla, 2014) serving as unconditioned stimuli (US, Fig. 1A). For each participant, the US were individually chosen based on a prior rating of subjective preference on a visual analog scale ranging from low to high preference. This rating procedure resulted in selection of a low-value (US -), an intermediate-value (US 0 ) and a highvalue (US + ) food item. Next, participants rated kanji stimuli according to their subjective preference. Six of these kanjis rated in close proximity to "neutral" (center point of the visual analog scale) were selected as CS for Pavlovian learning. Two CS each were paired with one US, resulting in three categories of differently valued CS: CS + A/B, CS 0 A/B and CS -A/B, for high-, intermediate-and low-value CS.The Pavlovian learning phase was followed by a choice-induced revaluation. From two value categories, one CS each was selected, and participants made binary choices between them, interspersed with lure decisions between non-reward-predictive kanjis (Fig. 1B).Crucially, no associated US were presented following choices, excluding the possibility of alterations in strength of stimulus-outcome associations due to directly experienced outcomes.The choice-induced revaluation phase was followed by a decision probe phase in which participants chose repeatedly between all binary CS combinations to assess preferences (Fig. 1C). The key comparison was between CS presented during revaluation versus CS from the same value category that had not been presented. Again, no outcomes were presented. Decisions are biased by past choicesThere was evidence for value transfer from US to CS across all studies ( Fig. 1E-H), as indicated by significant main effects of CS value on probe phase choice probabilit...

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“…We showed that the ADHD group showed lower theta synchronisation during correct inhibition trials, and demonstrated reduced sensitivity to stimulus timing across several parietal measures. The interpretation of these results is noteworthy, as it points to deficient attention sampling in relational categorisation tasks (75). This result contributes to the overall understanding of the neuropathology of ADHD in adults.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Summerfield et al (75) recently described a theory for the role of posterior parietal cortex (PPC, i.e. the dorsal visual stream, or the ‘what’ stream) in processing relational structure in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the dorsal visual stream, or the ‘what’ stream) in processing relational structure in the environment. In brief, Summerfield et al (75) suggest that primate PPC supports learning and processing of relational structure, for example in visual scenes. They build on work establishing that PPC, in particular lateral intraparietal area (LIP, Brodman’s areas 39/40), provides spatially-selective coding for regions of ego-centric space that subserve functions including decision-making and top-down spatial attention (76).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strength of attention-sampling parietal EEG theta rhythm is linked to impaired inhibition in adult ADHD

Cowley

Juurmaa

Palomäki

2020

Preprint

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is understudied, especially regarding neural mechanisms such as oscillatory control of attention sampling. We report an EEG study of such cortical oscillations, in ADHD-diagnosed adults taking a continuous performance test that measures the ability to sustain attention and inhibit impulsivity for a prolonged period of time. We recorded 53 adults (28f, 25m, aged 18-60), and 18 matched healthy controls, using 128-channel EEG. We analysed features with established links to neural correlates of attention: event-related (de)synchronisation (ERS), alpha and theta frequency band activation, and stimulus-locking indices; in frontal and parietal scalp regions. Test performance distinguished healthy controls from ADHD adults. The ADHD group manifested significantly less parietal 4 Hz theta ERS during correct inhibition trials, in addition to having greater sensitivity to targets in stimulus-locking measures. Our results suggest that ADHD adults have impaired attention sampling in relational categorisation tasks.

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Structure Learning and the Parietal Cortex

Cited by 9 publications

References 77 publications

Reduced Power in Fronto-Parietal Theta EEG Linked to Impaired Attention-Sampling in Adult ADHD

Reduced Power in Fronto-Parietal Theta EEG Linked to Impaired Attention-Sampling in Adult ADHD

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

Strength of attention-sampling parietal EEG theta rhythm is linked to impaired inhibition in adult ADHD

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