Structure of Sodium Cholate Micelles

Maslova, V. A.; Киселев, М. А.

doi:10.1134/s1063774518030173

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To overcome these limitations and to take advantage of the superior characteristics of SC as a detergent, we tested different membranes that should be highly conductive but dense enough to confine SC while passing current. Since the average radius of SC micelles is found to be ≈10 Å, [ 20 ] all conductive porous membranes used for previous tissue clearing methods such as CLARITY failed to confine small SC micelles in the compartment. Therefore, we have searched for different membranes with different properties and identified an ion‐conductive film, Nafion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Cholate‐Based Active Delipidation for Rapid and Efficient Clearing and Immunostaining of Deep Biological Samples

Kim

et al. 2021

Small Methods

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Recent surges of optical clearing provided anatomical maps to understand structure‐function relationships at organ scale. Detergent‐mediated lipid removal enhances optical clearing and allows efficient penetration of antibodies inside tissues, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is the most common choice for this purpose. SDS, however, forms large micelles and has a low critical micelle concentration (CMC). Theoretically, detergents that form smaller micelles and higher CMC should perform better but these have remained mostly unexplored. Here, SCARF, a sodium cholate (SC)‐based active delipidation method, is developed for better clearing and immunolabeling of thick tissues or whole organs. It is found that SC has superior properties to SDS as a detergent but has serious problems; precipitation and browning. These limitations are overcome by using the ion‐conductive film to confine SC while enabling high conductivity. SCARF renders orders of magnitude faster tissue transparency than the SDS‐based method, while excellently preserving the endogenous fluorescence, and enables much efficient penetration of a range of antibodies, thus revealing structural details of various organs including sturdy post‐mortem human brain tissues at the cellular resolution. Thus, SCARF represents a robust and superior alternative to the SDS‐based clearing methods and is expected to facilitate the 3D morphological mapping of various organs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Cholate‐Based Active Delipidation for Rapid and Efficient Clearing and Immunostaining of Deep Biological Samples

Kim

et al. 2021

Small Methods

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“…The improved drug loading was completely ameliorated when the sodium cholate was switched for sodium deoxycholate at the same concentration. The 7α-hydroxyl group of sodium cholate, critical in forming a hydrophilic axis in sodium cholate secondary structures [ 54 , 55 ], was not present in the sodium deoxycholate ( Figure 2 E), suggesting that interactions with this hydrophilic moiety were responsible for the increased loading. The addition of sodium cholate also appears to slow formoterol release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Development, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release of Formoterol PEGylated PLGA Polymeric Nanoparticles

et al. 2022

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Polymeric nanoparticles’ drug delivery systems represent a promising platform for targeted controlled release since they are capable of improving the bioavailability and tissue localization of drugs compared to traditional means of administration. Investigation of key parameters of nanoparticle preparation and their impact on performance, such as size, drug loading, and sustained release, is critical to understanding the synthesis parameters surrounding a given nanoparticle formulation. This comprehensive and systematic study reports for the first time and focuses on the development and characterization of formoterol polymeric nanoparticles that have potential application in a variety of acute and chronic diseases. Nanoparticles were prepared by a variety of solvent emulsion methods with varying modifications to the polymer and emulsion system with the aim of increasing drug loading and tuning particle size for renal localization and drug delivery. Maximal drug loading was achieved by amine modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated to the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) backbone. The resulting formoterol PEGylated PLGA polymeric nanoparticles were successfully lyophilized without compromising size distribution by using either sucrose or trehalose as cryoprotectants. The physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles were examined comprehensively, including surface morphology, solid-state transitions, crystallinity, and residual water content. In vitro formoterol drug release characteristics from the PEGylated PLGA polymeric nanoparticles were also investigated as a function of both polymer and emulsion parameter selection, and release kinetics modeling was successfully applied.

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“…It has been applied to solubilize CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 [ 7 , 49 , 104 ]. Sodium cholate is a type of bile acid salt that is a biologically active anionic detergent [ 105 ]. It consists of a hydrophobic steroid nucleus, three hydroxyl groups, and one ionic head of a carboxyl group [ 106 ].…”

Section: Cyp Protein Solubilization and Purificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Escherichia coli: N-Terminal Modification, Expression, Isolation, Purification, and Reconstitution

Tao

Fang

Ong

et al. 2023

BioTech

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play important roles in metabolising endogenous and xenobiotic substances. Characterisations of human CYP proteins have been advanced with the rapid development of molecular technology that allows heterologous expression of human CYPs. Among several hosts, bacteria systems such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been widely used thanks to their ease of use, high level of protein yields, and affordable maintenance costs. However, the levels of expression in E. coli reported in the literature sometimes differ significantly. This paper aims to review several contributing factors, including N-terminal modifications, co-expression with a chaperon, selections of vectors and E. coli strains, bacteria culture and protein expression conditions, bacteria membrane preparations, CYP protein solubilizations, CYP protein purifications, and reconstitution of CYP catalytic systems. The common factors that would most likely lead to high expression of CYPs were identified and summarised. Nevertheless, each factor may still require careful evaluation for individual CYP isoforms to achieve a maximal expression level and catalytic activity. Recombinant E. coli systems have been evidenced as a useful tool in obtaining the ideal level of human CYP proteins, which ultimately allows for subsequent characterisations of structures and functions.

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Structure of Sodium Cholate Micelles

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Sodium Cholate‐Based Active Delipidation for Rapid and Efficient Clearing and Immunostaining of Deep Biological Samples

Sodium Cholate‐Based Active Delipidation for Rapid and Efficient Clearing and Immunostaining of Deep Biological Samples

Design, Development, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release of Formoterol PEGylated PLGA Polymeric Nanoparticles

Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Escherichia coli: N-Terminal Modification, Expression, Isolation, Purification, and Reconstitution

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