“…Therefore, we chose Peng's (2006) simplified Chines version and Wu's (2008) traditional version to evaluate one part of the attitudinal aspect because their versions have high Cronbach's alpha (0.799 and 0.860 respectively). For the other part of the attitudinal aspect, we selected Kassing's (1997) original English version, which was applied by various groups in the United States and in other countries such as China, Korea, Iraq, and Iran (Butcher and Haggard, 2009;Rancer, 2003a, Alwaely &Al-Jasari, 2022;Lin et al 2003;Massengill and Nash, 2009;Mu & Yu, 2022;Roach and Olaniran, 2001) with Cronbach's alphas between .88 and .90.…”