Students' Paper. The Resistance Offered to the Flow of Water in Pipes by Bends and Elbows.

Pressure Losses in Smooth Pipe Bends

“…The ratio of the loss coefficient kc measured at the exit of the bend to the total bend-loss coefficient is shown in Fig. 13, where the experimental results of Alexander [18] and Richter [2] are included for comparison. The velocity traverse in a pipe bend [14] shows that the velocity distribution may be symmetrical when the flow is entering a bend, but when coming out it is not.…”