“…Most of the existing animal models of subdiaphragmatic congestion do not meet the criteria to be a clinically relevant animal model of isolated congestion (Table 2). First, the exact technique to induce congestion [44, 45, 47, 48, 55, 56], the anatomical location of where the constriction is applied [44, 46, 49, 52, 53, 59–68], and the degree of constriction were not always properly described [46, 47, 50, 52, 54, 56, 65, 66, 68, 69]. Second, it was not always clear whether venous congestion was actually induced, since hemodynamic or echocardiographic measurements were not performed in these studies [46–52, 54–56, 58, 59, 69].…”