Studies on curing kinetics and thermal stability of epoxy resin N,N,N',N',-tetraglycidyl-1,1-bis[(4-amino-3-methyl)-phenyl]cyclohexane using various amine curing agents

Reshoring Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Productions

“…The production process improvements, however, are so large that no matter how risk-adverse the fine chemical industry can be, the shift to CM scale production of chemicals for pharmaceutical, specialty, and fine chemical production is inevitable. For example, an API manufacturer based in India in 2023 commercialized methyl salicylate made by a fine chemical company using flow chemistry technology . The company reported even in its investor relation that CM of the product occurs with a considerable reduction in production time, a 3-time capacity expansion and cost savings of 7% …”

“…For example, an API manufacturer based in India in 2023 commercialized methyl salicylate made by a fine chemical company using flow chemistry technology . The company reported even in its investor relation that CM of the product occurs with a considerable reduction in production time, a 3-time capacity expansion and cost savings of 7% …”

“…Early examples are the forthcoming production of acetaminophen in France using a CM process, nearly concomitant with the restart of production at the refurbished Roussillon’s plant . Already widely used in Europe to manufacture on-patent (“innovative”) APIs, the technology is being quickly adopted also by fine chemical companies in China, , and to a lower extent also in India to manufacture off-patent APIs, agrochemicals and other fine chemicals.…”

Business Incubation Initiatives' Impacts on Entrepreneurs and SMEs

“…Management Skills:AstudyfocusingonbusinessproblemsandsuccessfactorswithinsomeAfrican countries(Benzing&Chu2012)concludedthatagoodmanagementskillisthenumberone perceivedsuccessvariable.InmostSMEs,theownerofthebusinessisalsothemanager,andhasa majorsayoverstrategicdecisions;yetmanybusinessownerslackmanagerialexpertise (Muriithi, 2017).Evenifentrepreneurshavefeasibleideasandareknowledgeableintheirspecificfields,they maystilllackknowledgeonhowtorunabusiness.Theyoperatewithtrialanderrormanagement style,orareobsessedwithroutinesthatleadtoshort-termgains,whilepayingnoattentionto strategicplanning.EducationandtrainingendowSMEmanagerswithgoodmanagementskillsof planning,organising,leading,andcontrolling,whichleadtobusinesssustainabilityandgrowth (Muriithi,2017).Therefore,trainingisanimportantelementforgrowinganybusiness,asitisa catalystforcultivatingbusinesscompetency.However,SMEstendtoinvestlessinmanagement developmentthanlargerorganisationsdo,duetoresourceconstraintsorleadersnotwillingto grow (Kayanula&Quartey,2000).Businesseswithaneducatedandcompetentworkforcehave highproductivityandlong-termexistence (Muriithi,2017).Scarcityofcompetentmanagersis achallengefacedbySMEsindifferentpartsoftheAfricancontinent,duetothehighcostsof trainingandfewercost-effectiveadvisoryservices (Kayanula&Quartey,2000).EvenifSMEs canattractmotivatedmanagers,theycanbarelycompetewithbenefitsofferedbylargefirms (Abor&Quartey,2010).Eventhoughvariousinstitutionsoffereducationandtraining,notall entrepreneursrealisethenecessitytoupgradetheirskills,duetocomplacency (Cant,2016). Other factors include access to electricity and political instability, high costs of electricity provision and power outages (Fjose et al, 2010;Patel, 2019). Lack of access to electricity is a majorrestrainttoSME'simplementationoftechnologicalcapabilitiesanduseofmoderneconomic systemsinbankingormarketing.AccordingtotheWorldBank(2019),accesstoelectricityinthe sub-SaharanAfricanregionisstilllaggingcomparedtootherpartsoftheworld,theregion'scurrent coverageis43%andthereportwarnsthatthenumberofpeoplewithoutelectricitywillcontinuewith Africa'spopulationboom.Further,politicalinstabilityisduetothepossibilityofsuddenchangesin leadershiporconditionsofacountryaffecteconomicgrowth.Researchblamespoliticalinstabilityas reasonforunderdevelopmentinsomecountries (Aisen&Veiga,2013;Nurudeenetal.,2015).The Africancontinentstillexperiencespoliticalconflictsthatmayimposechangesinlegalrequirements ofconductingbusiness.…”