Studies on Scrub Typhus. II. Preparation of Formalinized Vaccines from Tissues of Infected Mice and Rats.

Smadel, Joseph E.; Rights, Fred L.; Jackson, Elizabeth B.

doi:10.3181/00379727-61-15308

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…A later human field study in Japan did not show evidence of protection after vaccination with formalin-killed organisms of the Volner strain of O. tsutsugamushi (Berge et al, 1949). Improvements to the production method included the use of white rats intravenously inoculated with yolk sac stock of O. tsutsugamushi (Smadel et al, 1946). Antigen for vaccination was also produced from fragments of chicken embryos seeded on agar (which presumably produced chicken embryo fibroblasts) and infected with yolk sac-cultivated oriental stocks.…”

Section: Vaccines Against Scrub Typhusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi

Valbuena¹,

Walker²

2013

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

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Scrub typhus is a severe mite-borne infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligately intracellular bacterium closely related to Rickettsia. The disease explains a substantial proportion of acute undifferentiated febrile cases that require hospitalization in rural areas of Asia, the North of Australia, and many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Delayed antibiotic treatment is common due to the lack of effective commercially available diagnostic tests and the lack of specificity of the early clinical presentation. The systemic infection of endothelial cells that line the vasculature with Orientia can lead to many complications and fatalities. In survivors, immunity does not last long, and is poorly cross-reactive among numerous strains. In addition, chronic infections are established in an unknown number of patients. All those characteristics justify the pursuit of a prophylactic vaccine against O. tsutsugamushi; however, despite continuous efforts to develop such a vaccine since World War II, the objective has not been attained. In this review, we discuss the history of vaccine development against Orientia to provide a clear picture of the challenges that we continue to face from the perspective of animal models and the immunological challenges posed by an intracellular bacterium that normally triggers a short-lived immune response. We finish with a proposal for development of an effective and safe vaccine for scrub typhus through a new approach with a strong focus on T cell-mediated immunity, empirical testing of the immunogenicity of proteins encoded by conserved genes, and assessment of protection in relevant animal models that truly mimic human scrub typhus.

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Section: Vaccines Against Scrub Typhusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi

Valbuena¹,

Walker²

2013

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

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“…I t is immediately obvious t h a t none of the mite 21 preparations was able to induce appreciable resistance to infection with SThis pooled material had been stored in the fluid state at 5°C. for about 6 months when the assay was begun; each of its constituent vaccines had been prepared from tissues having a sutficiently high infective titer to suggest that the immunogenic potency would be satisfactory (16). Bemuse of the low potency of the pool we assumed that deterioration had occurred during storage.…”

Section: Resistance Of Mice Immunized With Scrub Typhus Vaccines To Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HI blood taken in January, 1943, from a soldier who contracted the disease in the B u n a -G u n a area of New Guinea. T h e Karp agent was used previously in this laboratory for the prepara- t.ion of vaccine by two different methods (16,17). Suspensions of tissue of the 27th to 41st yolk sac passages were used in the current studies.…”

Section: ~0mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preparation of Vaccines.--Vaccines were prepared from infected white rat tissues as previousiy described (16,19) ; a r6sum6 of this method follows. Freshly prepared suspensions of yolk sac tissue rich in rickettsiae were cleared of coarse particles and large fat droplets by light centrifugation; 2.0 cc.…”

Section: ~0mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence for heterogeneity is obtained in serological studies which employ complement fixation (11, 12), serum protection (13), and toxin-antitoxin techniques (14). Non-infectious vaccines of several types are capable of immunizing mice against the homologous strain of R. tsutsugamushi (15)(16)(17) but the degree of protection elicited by such materials against heterologous strains is unknown. The present report supplies information on this point and provides additional evidence of antigenic differences among the members of the scrub typhus group of agents.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Studies on Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease)

Rights

Smadel

1948

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Although animals which recover from disease induced by one strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi are resistant to infection with heterologous strains (1-10), all organisms now grouped in this subgenus are not antigenically homogeneous. Evidence for heterogeneity is obtained in serological studies which employ complement fixation (11, 12), serum protection (13), and toxin-antitoxin techniques (14). Non-infectious vaccines of several types are capable of immunizing mice against the homologous strain of R. tsutsugamushi (15)(16)(17) but the degree of protection elicited by such materials against heterologous strains is unknown. The present report supplies information on this point and provides additional evidence of antigenic differences among the members of the scrub typhus group of agents. Materials and MethodsStrains ofR. tsutsugamushi.--The eight strains of R. tsutsugamushi employed in the current investigation were selected to represent the agent as obtained from various geographical areas and from different zoological sources; i.e., men, mites, and rats. The origin and lineal descent of these strains are given in some detail in the following paragraphs since it appears desirable to establish these points clearly. Certain of the immunological and serological data which indicate the known relationships of the eight to each other, or to additional strains of R.

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Rickettsiosen

R¹,

Eyer²

1952

Infektionskrankheiten

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Studies on Scrub Typhus. II. Preparation of Formalinized Vaccines from Tissues of Infected Mice and Rats.

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi

Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi

Studies on Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease)

Rickettsiosen

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