Studies on Trypanosoma vivax: Comparison of parasitological diagnostic methods

Leeflang, P.; Buys, Janny; Blotkamp, Coby

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(78)90045-0

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although, these biting flies other than the tsetse do not remain infected for more than a few minutes during interrupted feedings, their role in the transmission of trypanosomosis is by no means small. Exclusively such biting flies (Weitz 1963;Baker 1968;Leeflang et al 1978;Mbaya et al 2008a) spread trypanosomosis in tsetse free zones of Africa, Asia and America. The peculiarity of the mouthparts and the associated painful bite of the mechanical arthropod vectors irritate the host, which immediately ward them off favouring interrupted feedings.…”

Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The predominant tsetse species associated with the cyclical transmission of trypanosomosis in and around the Serengeti National Park, East Africa, were Glossina swynertoni and G. pallidipes, with G. brevipalpalis being encountered sporadically (Baker 1968;Leeflang et al 1978). The favoured hosts of the two former species were warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) while Glossina brevipalpalis feed mainly on the bushbucks (Tragelaphus scriptus) and hippopotami (Hippopotami amphibius) (Weitz 1963).…”

Section: Biological (Cyclical) Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Mechanical transmission through the painful bite of hamatophagus arthropod vectors of the family Hypoboscidae, Stomoxynae and Tabanidae is one of the methods responsible for the spread of trypanosomosis in tsetse-free and occasionally in tsetse infested areas (Weitz 1963;Baker 1968;Leeflang et al 1978;Mbaya et al 2008a). Although, these biting flies other than the tsetse do not remain infected for more than a few minutes during interrupted feedings, their role in the transmission of trypanosomosis is by no means small.…”

Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The significance of these, concerning transmission, is two-fold. Firstly, the high proportion of infected species of wild herbivores not usually fed on by tsetse, suggests a high level of non-cyclical transmission by other haematophagus mechanical arthropod vectors in such areas (Weitz 1963;Baker 1968;Leeflang et al 1978). The density of game animal populations in game reserves would doubtless facilitate mechanical transmission by haematophagus flies, by making it easier for a disturbed fly to alight on another host within a sufficiently short time for its proboscis to retain the blood (and possibly trypanosomes) of its previous host (CAB 1989).…”

Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

2009

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Reports on the clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in free-living and captive wild animals showed that clinical disease and outbreaks occur more commonly among captive than free-living wild animals. This is because the free-living wild animals co-exist with the disease until subjected to captivity. In exceptional cases however, draught, starvation and intercurrent diseases often compromised trypanotolerance leading to overt trypanosomosis in free-living wild animals. Meanwhile, in captivity, space restriction, reduced social interactions, change in social herd structure, reduced specie-to-specie specific behaviors, altered habitat and translocation were the major stressors that precipitated the disease. The cumulative effect of these factors produced severe physiological and somatic stress leading to diminished immune response due to increased blood cortisol output from adrenal cortex. The major symptoms manifested were pyrexia, innapetence, increased respiration, anaemia, cachexia and death. At necropsy, pulmonary oedema, splenomegally, hepatomegally, lympadenopathy and atrophy of body fats were the gross changes encountered. At the ultra-structural level, the tissues manifested degenerative changes, haemorghages, necrosis and mononuclear cellular infiltrations. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue injuries were primarily associated with physical and metabolic activities of the organisms. From the foregoing, it is evident that stress is the underlying mechanism that compromises trypanotolerance in wild animals leading to severe clinico-pathological effects.

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Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Biological (Cyclical) Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Mechanical and Oral Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

2009

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“…Two of these isolates showed comparative virulence to rats, while the third was either non-infective or produced low parasitaemias followed by self-cure in rats, and one of them was non-infective to rabbits (103). It was further reported that 50 % of 127 isolates from naturally infected cattle in two studies produced varying degrees of parasitaemia in mice (103,104). Infectivity to mice was higher with blood from early infections of rats (147) and cattle (103) than with blood from later periods of infection.…”

Section: The Disease In Rodents'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in Ruminants, Horses and Rodents

Anosa

1983

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B

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Summary The economic importance, incidence, epizootiology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as the clinical and pathological features of the diseases produced in ruminants, horses and rodents by Trypanosoma vivax, are reviewed. T. vivax is considered to be the most important trypanosome species affecting livestock, and is widely distributed in West Africa, East Africa, as well as in other areas where it exists in the absence of its traditional vector, Glossina, e.g. South America and Mauritius. A total of 164 references are cited. Zusammenfassung Krankheiten bei Wiederkäuern, Pferden und Nagern, die durch Trypanosoma vivax hervorgerufen werden Sowohl die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, Vorkommen, Epizootiologie, Diagnose und Behandlung als auch die klinischen und pathologischen Merkmale der Krankheiten, verursacht durch Trypanosoma vivax bei Wiederkäuern, Pferden und Nagern, werden besprochen. Trypanosoma vivax wird als die wichtigste Spezies angesehen, die den Tierbestand befällt, und sie ist weit verbreitet sowohl in West‐ und Ost‐Afrika als auch in anderen Gebieten, wo sie ohne ihren traditionellen Überträger, Glossina, vorkommt, z. B. in Südamerika und Mauritius. Es werden insgesamt 164 Literaturstellen zitiert. Resumen Las enfermedades producidas por Trypanosoma vivax en rumiantes, caballos y roedores Se describen la importancia económica, incidencia, epizootología, diagnóstico y tratamiento, además los aspectos de las enfermedades ocasionadas por Trypanosoma vivax en rumiantes, caballos y roedores. Trypanosoma vivax se considera como la especie más importante que afecta a la ganadería; su distribución es amplia, tanto por el Africa Occidental y el Oriental como también en otras áreas, donde existe en la ausencia de su vector tradicional, Glossina, por ej. en América del Sur y en Mauricio. Se aportan 164 citas bibliográficas.

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Parasites of Sheep and Goats

Craig

Baker

2007

Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals

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Studies on Trypanosoma vivax: Comparison of parasitological diagnostic methods

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in Ruminants, Horses and Rodents

Parasites of Sheep and Goats

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