Study of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Myxoviruses Induced by Vaccines

Abstract

The delayed hypersensitivity response of guinea pigs to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and myxovirus vaccines was investigated by use of the techniques of skin testing and inhibition of macrophage migration. A serum antibody response to the injected vaccines was readily demonstrable. Parainfluenza type 2 virus consistently failed to induce a delayed hypersensitivity state in 15 animals, even with the use of a virus adjuvant emulsion. Respiratory syncytial virus occupied an intermediate position in that positive delayed type skin tests of an erythematous nature were elicited following inoculation, but only two of seven guinea pigs yielded a positive migration inhibition test. In mumps-inoculated animals, skin testing gave rise to erythematous delayed skin reactions which varied from 0 to 20 mm in size. Migration inhibition could be demonstrated in 7 of 21 animals. In almost all guinea pigs inoculated with BCG, large, indurated, erythematous skin reactions were elicited, and inhibition of macrophage migration was readily demonstrated. The degree of skin reactivity was positively correlated with inhibition of macrophage migration. If the skin reaction to a specific antigen exceeded 9 mm of erythema, that antigen also inhibited macrophage migration. Skin testing proved to be the most sensitive indicator of viral hypersensitivity. Migration inhibition was demonstrated only when a greater than 8-mm skin reaction was evoked. This cellular hypersensitivity appeared to be a qualitative phenomenon, the expression of which could be heightened by the use of adjuvant. The applicability and sensitivity of the migration inhibition technique is considered relative to its use for in vitro monitoring of effects of viral vaccine inoculations.

Skin hypersensitivity to parainfluenza‐3 virus in cattle

“…The hypersensitivity reactions in other virus-host systems were either slight and appeared irregularly (6,15), or they were in part based on previous sensitization by non-viral components of vaccines (1 2). In the present study only naturally infected animals were tested.…”

In Vitro Assessment of Cellular Immunity to Vaccinia Virus: Contribution of Lymphocytes and Macrophages

“…nisms to resistance to viral infections has been the inability to examine these two types of responses separately. With the recent development of in vitro methods which correlate with delayed hypersensitivity, it is now possible to measure cellular immunity, independent of humoral immunity, to a number ofantigens, including viruses (15, 25,27). Macrophage migration inhibition appears to result from a specific interaction between antigen and sensitized lymphocytes (6, 10).…”

In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Toxoplasma gondii in Guinea Pigs

“…This technique has gained acceptance as an in vitro correlate of DH to a number of bacterial, fungal, and protein antigens (8) in experimental autoimmune disease (10) and in homograft immunity (1). It has also been used to demonstrate DH in experimental infections with mumps (30), influenza (11), and with fibroma and vaccinia viruses (29). Recently, Tremonti and Walton (31) used this test to demonstrate DH in experimental toxoplasma and leishmania infections.…”