Study of limitations on pixel size of very high resolution image sensors

Eid, E.-S.

doi:10.1109/nrsc.2001.929154

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Digital cameras are rapidly evolving. Increasing resolutions and the 'pixel-limit' have been the subject of intense study recently, as sensors are being made smaller for use in smartphones [147][148][149][150]. The action cameras used in this study, at 12 megapixels, were high-resolution for drone-mounted cameras at the time we collected these data.…”

Section: Effective Efficient Methodology For Quantitative Repeat Phomentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Change Using Quantitative Differencing of Repeat Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry: The Effect of Storms on Coastal Boulder Deposits

Nagle-McNaughton

Cox

2019

Remote Sensing

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Repeat photogrammetry is increasingly the go-too tool for long-term geomorphic monitoring, but quantifying the differences between structure-from-motion (SfM) models is a developing field. Volumetric differencing software (such as the open-source package CloudCompare) provides an efficient mechanism for quantifying change in landscapes. In this case study, we apply this methodology to coastal boulder deposits on Inishmore, Ireland. Storm waves are known to move these rocks, but boulder transportation and evolution of the deposits are not well documented. We used two disparate SfM data sets for this analysis. The first model was built from imagery captured in 2015 using a GoPro Hero 3+ camera (fisheye lens) and the second used 2017 imagery from a DJI FC300X camera (standard digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera); and we used CloudCompare to measure the differences between them. This study produced two noteworthy findings: First, volumetric differencing reveals that short-term changes in boulder deposits can be larger than expected, and that frequent monitoring can reveal not only the scale but the complexities of boulder transport in this setting. This is a valuable addition to our growing understanding of coastal boulder deposits. Second, SfM models generated by different imaging hardware can be successfully compared at sub-decimeter resolution, even when one of the camera systems has substantial lens distortion. This means that older image sets, which might not otherwise be considered of appropriate quality for co-analysis with more recent data, should not be ignored as data sources in long-term monitoring studies.Despite these improvements in protocols for data collection and analysis, quantifying change via repeat photogrammetry remains a challenge, generally requiring manipulation of digital terrain models (DTMs) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) [45,46]. But recent innovations in 3D differencing software, as implemented in the open-source package CloudCompare (www.danielgm.net/cc/) enable rapid, objective, and replicable quantitative differencing [47]. CloudCompare is a cross-platform 3D point cloud and mesh processing package, which provides a suite of features for direct comparison of dense point clouds (>10 million points) and meshes on standard consumer computer hardware [48,49]. Accessibility and ease of use make CloudCompare an attractive tool, and it is applied increasingly in a variety of fields, including mapping [50,51], archaeology [52,53], and geomorphology [54][55][56][57].Another issue relevant to long term monitoring studies is how to deal with repeat imagery captured using different kinds of hardware, with different resolutions and/or distortion levels. The ultra-wide-angle (fisheye) lenses mounted on the popular consumer camera brand GoPro capture a~120 • field of view, but have barrel distortion due to their short focal length. Despite their limitations, GoPro cameras are popular tools for acquiring UAV imagery [24,31,[58][59][60], they are relatively inexpensive, are light enou...

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Section: Effective Efficient Methodology For Quantitative Repeat Phomentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Change Using Quantitative Differencing of Repeat Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry: The Effect of Storms on Coastal Boulder Deposits

Nagle-McNaughton

Cox

2019

Remote Sensing

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“…We will focus on the sensor modulation transfer function (MTF) with corresponding intrinsic parameters pixel crosstalk 3 and pixel fill factor. 4 Generally, camera MTF is a critical characteristic related to the image quality of any camera. It is essentially the product of lens MTF and sensor MTF (assuming the imaging system is linear and shift independent).…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, pixel crosstalk is part optical crosstalk and part electrical crosstalk. 4 Optical crosstalk occurs when some of the photons falling on a given pixel propagate to neighboring pixels. Electrical crosstalk occurs when free electrons from a given pixel diffuse to neighboring pixels.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast computation methods for interferometric measurement of sensor modulation transfer function

et al. 2018

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“…Thus, shrinking of the pixel size is crucial to the further development of CMOS image sensors as well as to achieve high spatial resolution. However, in silicon CMOS image sensors, smaller pixels typically result in larger pixel cross-talk, smaller dynamic range and lower pixel sensitivity, which put a lower limit of the pixel size. − CNT photodiodes may have advantages in these aspects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pixel cross talk is a phenomenon wherein the photons intended to be detected for one pixel get detected by another pixel nearby. The primary pixel cross-talk in silicon CMOS image sensors results from the fact that photogenerated carriers may diffuse in the silicon layer (with respect to the wavelength of incident photons, the carriers are generated with different depth) and get collected by neighboring pixel. , However, in CNT photodiodes, because of the ultrathin body of the CNT and the doping-free fabrication technique used, such pixel cross-talk will not happen. The small diameter of SWNTs will also contributes to the high spatial resolution of the image sensors. , …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Length Scaling of Carbon Nanotube Electric and Photo Diodes down to Sub-50 nm

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2014

Nano Lett.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising candidates for future optoelectronics and logic circuits.1-3 Sub-10 nm channel length CNT transistors have been demonstrated with superb performance.4 Yet, the scaling of CNT p-n diodes or photodiodes, basic elements for most optoelectronic devices, is held back on a scale of micrometers.5-8 Here, we demonstrate that CNT diodes fabricated via a dopant-free technique show good rectifying characteristics and photovoltaic response even when the channel length is scaled to sub-50 nm. By making a trade-off between performance and size, a diode with both channel length and contact width around 100 nm, fabricated on a CNT with a small diameter (d ∼ 1.2 nm), shows a photovoltage of 0.24 V and a fill factor of up to 60%. Study on the dependence of turn-on voltage on scaled channel length reveals transferred charges induced potential barrier at the contact in long channel diodes and the effect of self-adjusting charge distribution. This effect could be utilized for realizing stable and high performance sub-100 nm pitch CNT diodes. As elementary building blocks, such tiny electric and photodiodes could be used in nanoscale rectifiers, photodetectors, light sources, and high-efficiency photovoltaic devices.

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Study of limitations on pixel size of very high resolution image sensors

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Measuring Change Using Quantitative Differencing of Repeat Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry: The Effect of Storms on Coastal Boulder Deposits

Measuring Change Using Quantitative Differencing of Repeat Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry: The Effect of Storms on Coastal Boulder Deposits

Contrast computation methods for interferometric measurement of sensor modulation transfer function

Length Scaling of Carbon Nanotube Electric and Photo Diodes down to Sub-50 nm

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