Study of Melting Methods by Electric Resistance Welding of Rails

Rezanov, Viktor A.; Martyushev, Nikita V.; Кукарцев, В. В.; Tynchenko, V. S.; Grinek, A. V.; Skeeba, Vadim; Lyosin, Anatoly V.; Karlina, A. I.

doi:10.3390/met12122135

Cited by 56 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…В нижнем бейните феррит становится перенасыщенным углеродом, и некоторые выделения карбида происходят внутри ферритных субъединиц, а также между ними [43]. Начальная температура бейнита зависит от состава и скорости охлаждения, но обычно составляет примерно 560 °C [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. Эффективность зародышей неметаллических включений в современных металлах сварного шва низколегированных сталей такова, что размер колонии внутризернистого бейнита подобен размеру игольчатого феррита в металле сварного шва стали C-Mn [29].…”

Section: особенности микроструктуры влияющие на ударную вязкость мета...unclassified

Relationship between microstructure and impact toughness of weld metals in pipe high-strength low-alloy steels (research review)

Karlina,

Kononenko,

Ivancivsky

et al. 2024

Metal Working and Material Science

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Introduction. The modern pipeline industry requires the development of materials of high strength and toughness for the production of steels for oil and gas pipelines. Changes in steel production and rolling technologies have become a challenge for welding consumables and joining technologies. This is more critical for strength levels above 830 MPa, where there are no specific regulations for the approval of welding consumables. Research methods. The failure of stainless steel pipeline welds is becoming a serious problem in the pipeline industry. Multiphase microstructures containing acicular ferrite or an acicular ferrite-dominated phase exhibit good complex properties in HSLA steels. This paper focuses on the results obtained using modern methods of scanning electron microscopy for microstructural analysis, backscattered electrons (BSE) for electron channel contrast imaging (ECCI) and orientation microscopy based on electron backscatter diffraction (ORM), as well as characteristic X-rays for compositional analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS) and secondary electrons (SE) for observing surface morphology. Results and discussion. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the microstructure of the weld and its relationship with impact toughness. It is shown that predicting impact toughness based on the microstructural characteristics of steel weld metals is complicated due to the large number of parameters involved. This requires an optimal microstructure of the steel. Satisfactory microstructure depends on several factors, such as chemical composition, hot work processing, and accelerated cooling. Alloying elements have a complex effect on the properties of steel, and alloying additives commonly added to the steel composition include Mn, Mo, Ti, Nb and V. From a metallurgical point of view, the choice of alloying elements and the metallurgical process can greatly influence the resulting microstructure. A longer cooling time tend to improve the toughness and reduce the mechanical strength of weld deposits on high-strength steels. Welding thermal cycles cause significant changes in the mechanical properties of the base material. The analysis showed that impact toughness strongly depends on the microstructure of the multi-pass weld of the material under study, which contains several sources of heterogeneity, such as interdendritic segregation, and the effective grain size can also be a significant factor explaining large deviations in local impact toughness values. Acicular ferrite nucleated in intragranular inclusions has been shown to produce a fine-grained interlocking arrangement of ferrite plates providing high tensile strength and excellent toughness, and is therefore a desirable microstructural constituent in C-Mn steel weld metals. At the same time, discussion regarding the relationship between acicular ferrite and toughness is very complex and still open at present. Relating impact toughness to acicular ferrite, taking into account the top bead, is not a reliable procedure, even for single-pass deposit welding. Impact strength depends on several factors, and the strong effect of acicular ferrite is generally recognized due to its fine-grained interlocking structure, which prevents the propagation of brittle cracks by cleavage. The large-angle boundaries and high dislocation density of acicular ferrite provide high strength and toughness. However, for the same amount of acicular ferrite, different viscosity values may be observed depending on the content of microalloying elements in the steel. An analysis of the results of various studies showed that other factors also affect the impact strength. For example, microphases present along the Charpy-V notch are critical for the toughness of weld metals. The combination of OM, SEM and EBSD techniques provides an interesting method for metallographic investigation of the refined metal microstructure of stainless steel pipeline welds. Conclusion. This review reports the most representative study regarding the microstructural factor in the weld of pipe steels. It includes a summary of the most important process variables, material properties, regulatory guidelines, and microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the joints. This review is intended to benefit readers from a variety of backgrounds, from non-welding or materials scientists to various industrial application specialists and researchers.

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Section: особенности микроструктуры влияющие на ударную вязкость мета...unclassified

Relationship between microstructure and impact toughness of weld metals in pipe high-strength low-alloy steels (research review)

Karlina,

Kononenko,

Ivancivsky

et al. 2024

Metal Working and Material Science

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“…Даже для одного и того же класса допустимый диапазон прочности находится в большом интервале варьирования. Тем не менее исследования показали, что критический коэффициент согласования прочности, удовлетворяющий требованиям деформации, не зависит от прочности трубы [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Таким образом, требования к прочности на растяжение металла сварного шва должны быть очень высокими, если верхний предел прочности трубы используется для установки требований прочности к металлу сварного шва, особенно если несоосность труб от высокой до низкой и кажущаяся вязкость разрушения установлены консервативно [39,40,[45][46][47][48][49][50].…”

Section: влияние скорости охлаждения на сварку трубunclassified

“…Требование к прочности по-прежнему трудно выполнить в практической плоскости при проектирования трубопроводов с учетом имеющихся в настоящее время методов сварки и других ограничений [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50].…”

Section: влияние скорости охлаждения на сварку трубunclassified

“…Требования к деформации трубопроводов, пересекающих различные ландшафты и геологические сти, могут быть совершенно разными. Следовательно, требования к прочности на растяжение кольцевых сварных швов должны быть разработаны и определены в соответствии с различными ситуациями требований к деформации [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50].…”

Section: влияние скорости охлаждения на сварку трубunclassified

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Review of modern requirements for welding of pipe high-strength low-alloy steels

Karlina,

Kononenko,

Ivancivsky

et al. 2023

Metal Working and Material Science

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For many years, proven arc welding processes have been used to weld large pipes of oil and gas pipelines, the scope of which extends from manual arc welding with stick electrodes to the use of metal orbital welding machines. Introduction reflects that the creation of new steel compositions for oil and gas pipelines is an urgent task to ensure its high reliability. Research Methods. Low-carbon steels with ferrite-perlite structure are usually used in pipe production, but these steels are unable to meet the increased market demands. New grades of steel with bainitic structure are appearing. Results. The failure of welded joints of pipelines made of high-quality steel is becoming a serious problem for the pipeline industry. Discussion. This paper analyzes the characteristics of weld microstructure and its relationship with impact toughness. The prediction of impact toughness based on the microstructural characteristics of weld-seam metals is complicated due to a large number of parameters involved. The common practice linking this property to the microstructure of the last roll of a multi-pass weld turned out to be unsatisfactory because the amount of needle ferrite, the most desirable component, may not always be the main factor affecting the impact toughness. The present review reports on the most representative study regarding the microstructural factor in the welded seam of pipe steels. It includes a summary of the most important process variables, material properties, normative rule, as well as microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the joints. Conclusion. It is intended that this review will help readers with different backgrounds, from non-specialist welders or material scientists to specialists in various industrial applications and researchers.

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“…Welding is an important joining process and is widely employed in the production of diverse engineering and structural applications, the merits of which include simple arrangement, low manufacturing expenses and highly efficient joints [4,5]. In welded components, undesirable weld-induced residual stresses inevitably exist, which are produced by local plastic strains that are formed due to the non-uniform gradient of temperature during the process of welding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Characteristics of Residual Stresses in Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe Weld

Cho,

Lee,

Lee

2024

Metals

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This paper explores the distribution and features of residual stresses formed by super duplex stainless steel pipe welding. Experimental investigations, which encompass an elevated temperature tensile test and metallographic observation along with a hardness test and residual stress measurement, were first conducted to obtain the mechanical properties at high base metal temperatures and to confirm whether or not the duplex stainless steel undergoes martensitic phase development during the welding process. Finally, experiments were performed to scrutinize the residual stress evolution through the metallurgical phase transformation in the weld region and its vicinity. A sequentially coupled 3D thermal, mechanical and metallurgical finite element (FE) model capable of incorporating the experimental consequences was established next. A 3D FE simulation of the girth welding process was conducted, and the axial and hoop residual stress profiles along the girth were evaluated. The results substantiate that martensitic phase evolution occurs in the process of cooling during the welding of super duplex stainless steel, and they also highlight the significance of taking the metallurgical phase transformation into account in the numerical reproduction of the girth welding process for the accurate expression of weld-induced residual stresses, which is especially important for precisely predicting hoop residual stresses.

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Study of Melting Methods by Electric Resistance Welding of Rails

Cited by 56 publications

References 5 publications

Relationship between microstructure and impact toughness of weld metals in pipe high-strength low-alloy steels (research review)

Relationship between microstructure and impact toughness of weld metals in pipe high-strength low-alloy steels (research review)

Review of modern requirements for welding of pipe high-strength low-alloy steels

Distribution and Characteristics of Residual Stresses in Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe Weld

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