“…The surface microstructures of the films were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, ZEISS, Auriga-39-50, Oberkochen, Germany). The properties of the electrochromic films were characterized in a two-electrode cell with an electrochemical analyzer (CHI, 6273B, Austin, TX, USA), in which, the Li x W 1−x O/ITO/glass was a working electrode and a common ITO/glass was simultaneously a counter electrode and a reference electrode [9]. The atomic composition of the material was analyzed by Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA, JEOL, JAMP-9500F, Tokyo, Japan) [10].…”