Study of opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients

Abstract

Introduction:Intestinal parasites predominantly coccidian parasites are a common cause for diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted during January 2009-December 2010. A total of 1,088 stool samples from 544 seropositive HIV positive cases were examined microscopically for ova and cyst using wet mount preparations and stained smears. Out of 544 patients, 343 had prolonged diarrhea for more than 4 weeks, 57 had acute diarrhea of lesser than 7 days and 144 were asymptomatic cases who attended out-patient department; included in this study after taking consent from patients. Enteric pathogens were detected in 274 (50.36%) of the 544 patients.Results and Conclusions:The parasites identified were Cryptosporidium (135), Isospora belli (42), Cyclospora (12), Microsporidia (02), Entamoeba histolytica (49), Hookworm (34). Intestinal parasites in chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than the acute diarrhea (63.05% vs. 7.35%; P < 0.05). Parasitic pathogens were frequently associated with HIV-positive patients with diarrhea in Western India. Stools of all HIV-positive patients with diarrhea should thoroughly be investigated to identify etiologic agents for proper management.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted during January 2009-December 2010. A total of 1,088 stool samples from 544 seropositive HIV positive cases were examined microscopically for ova and cyst using wet mount preparations and stained smears. Out of 544 patients, 343 had prolonged diarrhea for more than 4 weeks, 57 had acute diarrhea of lesser than 7 days and 144 were asymptomatic cases who attended out-patient department; included in this study after taking consent from patients. Enteric pathogens were detected in 274 (50.36%) of the 544 patients.Results and Conclusions:The parasites identified were Cryptosporidium (135), Isospora belli (42), Cyclospora (12), Microsporidia (02), Entamoeba histolytica (49), Hookworm (34). Intestinal parasites in chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than the acute diarrhea (63.05% vs. 7.35%; P > 0.05). Parasitic pathogens were frequently associated with HIV-positive patients with diarrhea in Western India. Stools of all HIV-positive patients with diarrhea should thoroughly be investigated to identify etiologic agents for proper management.

Sensitization of enteric neurons to morphine by HIV‐1 Tat protein

“…Gastrointestinal dysmotilities and diarrhea are persistent problems in the cART era. 76,77 We recently showed that GI transit was markedly enhanced in the Tat(+) transgenic mice with selective increases in Na v 1.8 and Na v 1.7 expression concomitant with increased IL-6, Il-10, IL-1b, and RANTES release. 26 The mechanisms underlying Tat-mediated increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the gut are not yet well-understood.…”

Evaluation of Protozoan Parasites Causing Diarrhoea in Hiv Positive Patients

“…Ascaris and hookworm species (Ancylostoma duodenale) were detected with almost equal frequency in the stool samples of HIV positive and HIV negative patients, whereas majority of S. stercoralis, E. histolytica and G. lamblia were detected in diarrheic stool sample of HIV infected patients. [7] Study Series Year C. parvum I. belli A. duodenale E. histolytica G. lamblia M K Mathur et al [8] 2013 135 (24.8%) 42 (7.7%) 34 (6.25%) 49 (9.0%) S Deorukhkar et al [9] 2011 The presence of enteric pathogens is strongly associated with severe immunodeficiency, particularly with CD4+T-lymphocytes counts below 500 cells/mm 3 . The rate of enteric infections was found to be higher in patients with CD4 cell counts below 200 cells/mm 3 as shown in Table 3.…”

Foodborne apicomplexan protozoa

“…Humans are the only known host of the species. C. cayetanensis is a cause of diarrhea in HIV-infected persons as well as in others who are immunocompromised or immunocompetent (Kurniawan et al, 2009;Mathur et al, 2013;Milord et al, 2012). Large-scale surveillance studies in Peru, Guatemala, Venezuela, Thailand, and Nepal reported C. cayetanensis oocysts in 1.1%, 2.3%, 6.1%, 0.5%, and 1.6% of human fecal specimens, respectively (Bern et al, 1999;Chacín-Bonilla et al, 2003;Madico et al, 1997;Tandukar et al, 2013;Thima et al, 2014).…”