Study of the Phytochemical Composition, the Antioxidant and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Two Sub-Saharan Plants: Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii

Abstract

The aim of this study is to perform phytochemical screening of the leaves of Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii, to determine the phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars content in their methanolic extracts, evaluate their antioxidant activity using the DPPH and the ABTS tests, and test their anti-inflammatory effect in vitro using the heat-induced albumin denaturation inhibition method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in the leaves of both plants. Yields of the extracts in this study ranged from 7% to 18% for P. reticulatum and 4% to 16% for P. thonningii. The phenolic content in the methanolic extract of P. reticulatum is 74.66 ± 1.76 μg GAE/mL, which is significantly higher than that of P. thonningii (56.54 ± 1.24 μg GAE/mL). Both plants showed good antioxidant activity. In fact, for the DPPH test, the IC50 value is 8.88 ± 0.11 μg/mL for P. reticulatum and 17.64 ± 0.68 μg/mL for P. thonningii. For the ABTS assay, the IC50 values of the two plants are, respectively, 9.78 ± 1.83 μg/mL and 13.47 ± 2.62 μg/ml, statistically comparable and significantly higher than the IC50 of the standard 30.76 ± 0.18 μg/ml. Leaf extracts from both plants were effective against heat-induced denaturation of albumin. The activity of P. reticulatum is indeed comparable to that of the standard with an IC50 value of 121.43 ± 1.55 μg/mL and higher than that of P. thonningii with an IC50 value of 170.15 ± 1.09 μg/mL. These results show that both plants exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, their chemical compounds could have potential applications as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.

One-Step Combinatorial Strategy for Optimization of Antibiotics With Plant Extract Against Drug Resistant Clinical Bacteria

“…The resistance of Salmonella spp to all prepared samples is due to the reduced concentration of the antibiotic by a factor of 10, because ampicillin and 1 mg/mL showed a ZOI of 5.6±0.3 in Table 2, and may also be due to the nature of phytochemicals present in Piliostigma reticulatum (Boualam et al, 2021) This further con rms the necessity of prerequisite knowledge of the plant ethnopharmacolgical usage and also that of the resistant pathogen before any combinatorial method.…”

“…Piliostigma reticulatum (Boualam et al, 2021) were harvested, washed with distilled water, dried away from sunlight and pulverized, 10 g were transferred into a 250 mL beaker, heated to boil for 15 minutes in 100 mL distilled water and ltered using a lter paper. 100 µg/mL of azithromycin and 100 µg/mL Ampicillin were prepared and labelled A, and B respectively.…”

“…The validation of positive results obtained from the rst combinatorial synthetic method as shown in Figure 5, and Table 2 were carried out using a different plant extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Boualam et al, 2021) , with an additional antibiotic ( azithromycin), and an additional bacteria strain ( streptococcus spp ).…”

One-Step Combinatorial Strategy for Optimization of Antibiotics With Plant Extract Against Drug Resistant Clinical Bacteria

“…Washed, dried and pulverized 10 g of Piliostigma reticulatum (Boualam et al, 2021) were extracted by decoction using 100 mL distilled water and ltered using a Whattman lter paper. 100 µg/mL of azithromycin and 100 µg/mL Ampicillin were prepared, 8 test-tube were labelled A, A1, A2, A3 for azithromycin and B, B1, B2, B3 for ampicillin.…”

“…The validation positive results obtained from the rst combinatorial synthesis method as shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2 were carried out using a different plant extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Boualam et al, 2021), with an additional antibiotic ( azithromycin) and an additional bacteria strain ( streptococcus spp )…”