Study of the Textural Properties of Bovine Bones Char under Different Conditions

Moreno–Piraján, Juan Carlos; Giraldo, Liliana; García-Cuello, Vanessa S.

doi:10.4236/jwarp.2011.33022

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These observations indicate that graphitic components and/or quinone moieties in BC may contribute to the observed electron mediation activity of the BC. However, unlike plants biomass in which lignin and cellulose are the main substrates for biochar formation, , bones consist of organic collagens together with 65–70% inorganic substances, mainly apatite . With an ordered inorganic composite as a hard template, collagens undergo pyrolysis to form porous carbon with a high defect density, both structurally and due to heteroatom dopings, resulting in high electron conductivity. ,,, Although a systematic study of the unique role of bone chars as electron conductors and redox mediators is lacking, we cannot rule out the contribution of specific functional groups and structures to the electron mediation activity of BC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethylenes by Green Rust in the Presence of Bone Char

Yin

Hansen

2019

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Layered iron(II)−iron(III) hydroxides [green rusts (GRs)] constitute fast reductants for chlorinated methanes, but most studies of the reaction of GRs with chlorinated ethylenes (CEs) have reported little or no reduction. In this work, we demonstrate that bone char (BC) can eliminate the kinetic hindrance of dehalogenation of CEs by GR. Dechlorination of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene, and transdichloroethylene (∼10 μM in aqueous phase) by GR/BC mixtures (∼3.2 g/L GR and 0.15 g/L BC) followed pseudofirst-order kinetics with half-lives of 3.15, 3.01, 7.97, and 0.63 h, respectively, with acetylene as the main product (>85%), while no reaction took place in the absence of BC or GR. The rate of TCE removal was almost independent of GR concentration but increased linearly with BC concentration, indicating that the reactive sites for dechlorination are on the BC phase. GR could directly reduce BC in amounts of ≤0.21 mmol of e − /g, suggesting that CEs were dechlorinated by reduced functional groups on BC that functions as an electron mediator with GR acting as the "bulk" reductant. The GR/BC mixture exhibited a similar rate of removal of PCE and TCE in contaminated groundwater and in the laboratory-spiked solutions. This opens new perspectives for both in situ remediation and natural attenuation of CEs in anoxic, neutral, and alkaline iron-rich contaminated sediments and aquifers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethylenes by Green Rust in the Presence of Bone Char

Yin

Hansen

2019

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…The results of the proximate analysis of goat bones showed that the ash content was 50% higher than that of other bone constituents, namely, 49.43%. Moreno-Piraján et al [39] reported that bone consists of 60% inorganic components (hydroxyapatite), 10% water, and 30% organic components (bone matrix proteins). Kacang goat bone extraction using alcalase and neutrase increased the gelatin yield compared to those without enzymes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and functional properties of gelatin from goat bone through alcalase and neutrase enzymatic extraction

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Gelatin is a dissolved protein that results from partial extraction of collagen, commonly from pig and bovine skin. There was no study on gelatin production from Kacang goat bones through enzymatic extraction. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical, and functional properties of gelatin from bones of Kacang goat using alcalase and neutrase enzymes. Materials and Methods: Male Kacang goat bones aged 6-12 months and two commercial enzymes (alcalase and neutrase) were used for this study. Descriptive analysis and completely randomized design (one-way analysis of variance) were used to analyze the chemical, physical, and functional properties of gelatin. Kacang goat bone was extracted with four concentrations of alcalase and neutrase enzymes, namely, 0 U/g (AG-0 and NG-0), 0.02 U/g (AG-1 and NG-1), 0.04 U/g (AG-2 and NG-2), and 0.06 U/g (AG-3 and NG-3) with five replications. Results: The highest yield of gelatin extraction with alcalase obtained on AG-3 was 9.78%, and that with neutrase on NG-3 was 6.35%. The moisture content of alcalase gelatin was 9.39-9.94%, and that of neutrase gelatin was 9.15-9.24%. The ash and fat content of gelatin with alcalase was lower than that without enzyme treatment with higher protein content. The lowest fat content was noted in AG-1 (0.50%), with protein that was not different for all enzyme concentrations (69.65-70.21%). Gelatin with neutrase had lower ash content than that without neutrase (1.61-1.90%), with the highest protein content in NG-3 (70.89%). The pH of gelatin with alcalase and neutrase was 6.19-6.92 lower than that without enzymes. Melting points, gel strength, and water holding capacity (WHC) of gelatin with the highest alcalase levels on AG-1 and AG-2 ranged from 28.33 to 28.47°C, 67.41 to 68.14 g bloom, and 324.00 to 334.67%, respectively, with viscosity that did not differ, while the highest foam expansion (FE) and foam stability (FS) were noted in AG-1, which were 71.67% and 52.67%, respectively. The highest oil holding capacity (OHC) was found in AG-2 (283%). FS and OHC of gelatins with the highest neutrase levels in NG-2 were 30.00% and 265.33%, respectively, while gel strength, viscosity, FE, and WHC of gelatins with the highest neutrase levels did not differ with those without enzymes at all enzyme concentrations. B chain was degraded in all gelatins, and high-intensity a-chains in gelatin with alcalase and peptide fraction were formed in gelatin with neutrase. Extraction with enzymes showed loss of the triple helix as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the Kacang goat bone was the potential raw source for gelatin production. Enzymatic extraction can increase the quality of gelatin, especially the alcalase (0.02-0.04 U/g bone) method. This can be used to achieve the preferable quality of gelatin with a higher yield.

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“…8,10) 이 중 흡착 성능이 가장 좋은 불소 흡착제는 동 물의 뼈를 태워 만든 골탄이다. 8) 뼈의 65~70%는 무기물인 Hydroxyapatite (HAP, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 )로 구성되었으며, 8,11) HAP를 구성하고 있는 OH -가 F -와 치환되어 불소를 제거 할 수 있다. 12,13) 특히, 골탄은 주변에서 쉽게 구할 수 있고 폐 기물을 이용한다는 이점을 갖는다.…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

Optimum Operating Conditions of Drinking Water Treatment System for Fluoride Removal using High Adsorption Bone Char

Maeng¹,

Byun²,

Park³

et al. 2020

J Korean Soc Environ Eng

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Objectives : Bone char is used in many eastern countries in Africa to remove high levels of fluoride from groundwater. However, due to the low adsorption efficiency of bone char, it is necessary to replace bone char frequently, which cause significant burden to the people in those areas. In this study, we developed a water treatment system to remove high level of fluoride in groundwater using a high efficiency bone char.Methods : In order to make a high efficiency bone char, cow bones were washed, dried and cut into small pieces. Then the bones were burned for 1, 3 and 5 hours at 350, 450 and 550℃ in electric furnaces. After that, the burned bones were sieved with 600~2,000 µm to match the size of bone char being used in Ethiopia. Surface analysis of bone char was performed using SEM and BET. The removal efficiency of bone char was conducted with various level of turbidity, TOC, and fluoride concentration for 90 minutes under the flow rate conditions of 100, 200, 300, and 400 L/day with an initial fluoride concentration of 4.8 mg/L.Result and Discussion : There was a significant difference between the bone char from Ethiopia and our study in terms of their surface roughness and specific surface area according to SEM and BET analysis. The adsorption capacity of the bone char produced in this study was 3.7 mg F/g, compared to 1 mg/L from the one from Ethiopia. In terms of turbidity and organic matter removal with column test, 200 L/d showed the shortest operating time to reach turbidity of less than 0.5 NTU, and was an effective operation for TOC removal. However, It took the longest to 1.5 mg/L of fluoride after breakthrough under 100 L/d operating conditions. In terms of operating time, bed volume, and energy efficiency, 100 L/d was found to be an effective operating condition.Conclusions : We developed a high efficiency bone char in this study with modification of its production process and tested it at various operating conditions. Our study showed that the bone char developed in this study is about 4 times more effective than traditional bone char and it is most effective at operation with low flow rates. Column operation is most effective at 100 L/d for fluoride removal under operating time and bed volume and energy efficiency. Therefore operating condition of drinking water treatment system for the fluorine removal using bone char in developing countries is effective in low flow rate operation.

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Study of the Textural Properties of Bovine Bones Char under Different Conditions

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Fast Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethylenes by Green Rust in the Presence of Bone Char

Fast Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethylenes by Green Rust in the Presence of Bone Char

Characterization and functional properties of gelatin from goat bone through alcalase and neutrase enzymatic extraction

Optimum Operating Conditions of Drinking Water Treatment System for Fluoride Removal using High Adsorption Bone Char

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