Study on ruminant tick infestation, phytochemical analysis and in vitro acaricidal effect of <i>Calpurnia aurea</i> and <i>Otostegia integrifolia<i> extracts on <i>Amblyomma variegatum</i>

Abstract

Ticks limit the productivity of livestock through decreased production, reproduction, increased mortality, downgrading and rejection of hides and skin. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of tick infestation in ruminant while experimental study was used to evaluate the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy of methanolic extracts: Calpurnia aurea and Otostegia integrifolia and the phytochemicals present in those extracts at different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml) against Amblyomma variegatum. Adult immersion was used for the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test and plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Out of the 160 goats, 152 sheep and 121 cattle, 23 (14.4%), 44 (28.9%) and 28 (23.1%) were found to be positive for tick infestation, respectively. The incidence of tick infestation was significantly different (p&lt;0.01) among ruminants. Five tick spp. were identified: A. variegatum, A. gemma, R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. pulchellus. Extract of C. aurea and O. integrifolia was found to contain alkaloids, saponins, phlobatannin, steroids, phenolic, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. However, both plants were found negative for triterpens. Extracts of C. aurea and O. integrifolia at 200 and 100 mg/ml concentrations showed a significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) acaricidal activities compared to other treatments at 24 hrs post exposure. Mortality of ticks was increased with the increased dosage (concentration) and exposure time after treatment. Extracts of C. aurea showed a significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) tick mortality (52%) compared to those of O. integrifolia (27%). This is a promising finding to have alternative means of treatment and to substitute the use of synthetic drugs which have a wide spread drug resistance especially in developing countries like Ethiopia.&#x0D; Key words: Calpurnia aurea; in-vitro test; Otostegia integrifolia; Phytochemical screening; Tick infestation

Prevalence, trend comparisons, and identification of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) among cattle in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…This finding is in line with previous results in Ethiopia reported by ( Sileshi et al, 2007 ) and ( Adugna and Tamrat, 2022 ). It was due to the fact that lowland agroecological systems with high temperature and humidity are more suitable for tick multiplication and survival than in the highland area, as previously reported by ( Kemal et al, 2020 ).…”

Study on distribution of Ixodid ticks of cattle in Bedele District, South Western Ethiopia

“…Tick species are widely distributed in Ethiopia, and several researchers have reported on the distribution and abundance of ticks in various parts of the country ( Kemal et al, 2020 ). In the current study, 276 of the 384 cattle examined during the study period were infested with one or more tick species, for an overall prevalence of 71.9%.…”

“…The current study, on the other hand, contradicts the findings of ( Tiki and Addis, 2011b ) (25.6%) in Holeta town and Anteneh and ( Wondimu and Bayu, 2021 ) (34.3%) in Haramaya. This difference could be attributed to differences in the agroclimatic conditions of the study areas, the season of sample collection, and the study area's environment, which may not be conducive to its reproduction and survival ( Kemal et al, 2020 ).…”

Methanol (80%) leaf extract of Otostegia integrifolia Benth (Lamiaceae) lowers blood pressure in rats through interference with calcium conductance

“…1). The diastolic BP (DBP) was calculated from SBP and MAP using the equation: DBP = (3MAP -SBP)/2 [19]. Pulse pressure (PP) was obtained by subtracting DBP from SBP.…”

“…Pharmacological investigations revealed that the plant possesses several properties, including antimalarial [16], antimicrobial and antioxidant [18] as well as acaricidal [19] activities. The leaves of O. integrifolia have also traditionally been used for treatment of hypertension by the Eritrean [20] and Ethiopian (in Tigray) [13] people for decades.…”