Study on sol–gel-modified ammonium polyphosphate and its application in the flame-retardant polyurethane composites

Zeng, Fanchao; Zhao, Yonghuan; Yang, Meng; Su, Juanjuan; Han, Jian

doi:10.1007/s10971-021-05526-w

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The carbon residue at 800 °C reaches 30.13% and increases by 187% compared with that of PU. And it is higher than many research results (Chen et al, 2017;Yan et al, 2021;Zeng et al, 2021). The addition of ammonium polyphosphate improves the stability of the carbon layer, mainly because APP accelerates the polymer to form more carbon layers.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Analysis Of Polyurethane Compositesmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Tao

et al. 2022

Front. Mater.

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Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) as a synergist was added into polyurethane (PU) rigid foam with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve its flame retardancy and thermal stability. The combustion performance of PU was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and a cone calorimeter. The thermal degradation behavior of PU was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). Experimental results showed that the introduction of PMA could further improve the flame retardant performance of PU/APP composites and significantly increase the amount of carbon residue at high temperatures. Adding 3wt% PMA to PU containing 12wt% APP could make the foam pass UL-94 V-0, increase the carbon residue at 800°C by 69.16% in the air atmosphere, and decrease the THR by 24.62% compared to those of PU/15APP. TG-IR results showed that the presence of PMA reduced the production of small-molecule gas-phase products. As for the mechanical properties of PU composites, the addition of PMA influences their density and compressive strength obviously. The results suggest that PMA and APP have good synergistic flame retardancy on PU and can reduce its fire risk.

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Section: Thermal Stability Analysis Of Polyurethane Compositesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…There are also many literature reports on the use of APP in polyurethane to reduce its fire risk. (Zeng et al 2021) used tetraethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane as precursors to prepare modified APP and applied it to PU. When the addition amount of modified APP reached 20wt%, LOI increased from 19.8 to 30% and passed the UL-94 V-0.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Tao

et al. 2022

Front. Mater.

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“…Zeng et al [29] adopted a bottom-up sol-gel approach with the same aim. In particular, two different silanes, TEOS and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), were added sequentially to APP, controlling the pH (from acid to basic) and temperature to promote their hydrolysis and condensation.…”

Section: Sol-gel Chemistry and Phosphorus-based Compounds As Flame Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Bifulco

Imparato

Aronne

et al. 2022

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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The ease of flammability of polymers represents a key issue that limits their applications in different advanced sectors. In this context, a reliable and effective solution regards the use of flame retardants, i.e., additives that are able to slow down (or even stop) the flame propagation and to enhance the resistance to an irradiative heat flux. Among the different flame retardants designed, synthesized, and applied up-to-now, the utilization of inorganic particles, inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic coatings has gathered a great interest from either the academic and industrial community, as these structures can provide remarkable flame retardant features to different polymer systems, in which they are embedded or applied onto. In particular, the in situ generation (through sol-gel processes, i.e. hydrolysis and condensation reactions from tailored alkoxide precursors) of ceramic phases, either in the form of particles or as surface coatings, has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness in creating a physical barrier that limits the degradation of the polymer when subjected to the application of a flame or an irradiative heat flux. It also lowers the heat and mass transfer from the degrading polymer to the surroundings and vice versa, hence providing an overall enhancement of heat and fire resistance. This review work seeks to provide an up-to-date overview of the most recent advances in the use of sol-gel methods for conferring flame retardant features to bulk polymers, cellulosic textiles (cotton), and polymer foams. In addition, the current limitations and the potential progresses of these approaches are discussed.

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“…, 2012; Chen et al. , 2011), gel-silica, such as tetraethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane (Zeng et al. , 2021), tetraethoxysilane and octyltriethoxysilane (Qu et al.…”

Section: Intumescent Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some recent developments and testing strategies relating to the passive fire protection of concrete using intumescent coatings: a review

Ghiji

Joseph

Guerrieri

2022

JSFE

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PurposeIn the present article, the authors have conducted a review on some of the recent developments given in the literature pertaining to the passive protection of concrete structures using intumescent coatings. Here, the main thrust is placed on the spalling phenomenon of concrete elements when exposed to elevated temperatures and fires.Design/methodology/approachIn this context, it has been long established that prolonged thermal insult on concrete members will lead to egress of water, both physically bound as well as those present as water of hydration within the concrete matrix, in the form of steam through microchannels and associated pathways of least resistance, often resulting in the flaking of the surface of the structure. The latter process can ultimately lead to the exposure of the ferrous-based reenforcement elements, for instance, to higher temperatures, thus inducing melting. This, in turn, can result in substantial loss of strength and load-bearing capacity of the structural element that is already undergoing disintegration of its base matrix owing to heat/fire. Even though spalling of concrete structures has long been recognized as a serious problem that can often lead to catastrophic failure of infrastructures, such as buildings, bridges and tunnels, the utility of intumescent coating as a mitigation strategy is relatively new and has not been explored to its fullest possible extent. Therefore, in the latter parts of the review, the authors have endeavored to discuss the different types of intumescent coatings, their modes of actions and, in particular, their wider applicability in terms of protecting concrete elements from detrimental effects of severe or explosive spalling.FindingsGiven that spalling of concrete components is still a very serious issue that can result in loss of lives and destruction of critical infrastructures, there is an urgent need to formulate better mitigating strategies, through novel means and methods. The use of the intumescent coating in this context appears to be a promising way forward but is one that seems to be little explored so far. Therefore, a more systematic investigation is highly warranted in this area, especially, as the authors envisage a greater activity in the building and commissioning of more infrastructures worldwide incommensurate with augmented economic activities during the post-COVID recovery period.Originality/valueThe authors have conducted a review on some of the recent developments given in the literature pertaining to the passive protection of concrete structures using intumescent coatings. The authors have also included the results from some recent tests carried out at the facilities using a newly commissioned state-of-the-art furnace.

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Study on sol–gel-modified ammonium polyphosphate and its application in the flame-retardant polyurethane composites

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Some recent developments and testing strategies relating to the passive fire protection of concrete using intumescent coatings: a review

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