Study on the effects of temperature in the carbothermic reduction laterite ore using palm kernel shell as reducing agent

Hidayanti, Risty; Permana, Sulaksana; Maksum, Ahmad; Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/105/1/012015

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Further research proposed the utilization of palm kernel shell charcoal as a partial substitute in nickel rotary kilns [59], rice husks as a reducing agent for limonite ore [46], lamtoro charcoal [57,71,104], palm kernel shells [47,[105][106][107], palm kernel shell charcoal [62,108] or coconut shell charcoal [57,63,109] as a reducing agent for laterite ores.…”

Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

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Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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“…The oxidation process in iron oxide aims to make the hematite compound become the dominant compound [8], [9]. This following reactions are the direct reduction equation on iron:…”

Section: Roasting Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis effect of temperature on the results of titanomagnetite (Fe₂TiO₄-Fe₃O₄) formation in iron sand reduction using coal and sodium sulphate as an additive

et al. 2018

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Indonesia is a developing country that has rich deposit of natural resources particularly in mineral ores. Many of iron sand found in coastal Indonesia that contains some valuable minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3), ilmenite (FeTiO3) sand rutile (TiO2). Research study related to iron sand has developed that aims to determine the effect of temperature against the form of titanomagnetite in reduction process using coal as reductor and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) as an additive. The results of XRD characterization and semi- quantitative with temperature variable 700°C, 800°C and 900°C obtained that 900°C is an optimum temperature with amount of titanomagnenite (Fe2TiO4-Fe3O4) as much as 48.5.

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The effect of NaCl addition and biomass palm kernel shell charcoal with different ratio on pyrometallurgical process of a wasted ferronickel slag

Usman

Nurarani

Prasetyo

et al. 2020

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Study on the effects of temperature in the carbothermic reduction laterite ore using palm kernel shell as reducing agent

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Analysis effect of temperature on the results of titanomagnetite (Fe₂TiO₄-Fe₃O₄) formation in iron sand reduction using coal and sodium sulphate as an additive

The effect of NaCl addition and biomass palm kernel shell charcoal with different ratio on pyrometallurgical process of a wasted ferronickel slag

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Study on the effects of temperature in the carbothermic reduction laterite ore using palm kernel shell as reducing agent

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Analysis effect of temperature on the results of titanomagnetite (Fe2TiO4-Fe3O4) formation in iron sand reduction using coal and sodium sulphate as an additive

The effect of NaCl addition and biomass palm kernel shell charcoal with different ratio on pyrometallurgical process of a wasted ferronickel slag

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Analysis effect of temperature on the results of titanomagnetite (Fe₂TiO₄-Fe₃O₄) formation in iron sand reduction using coal and sodium sulphate as an additive