“…The main advantages of ZrO 2 are its large measurement range and good stability; however, it suffers from the problems of large volume, complex structure and high price [ 6 , 7 ]. TiO 2 -type oxygen sensors have the characteristics of small volume, low cost, good stability and fast response, which have been widely studied [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Many methods have been successfully used to improve the performance of TiO 2 -based sensors, such as surface modification by Pd [ 12 ] and Ag [ 13 ] for electron sensitization, surface modification by Pt [ 14 ] and Au [ 15 ] for chemical sensitization, and donor/acceptor doping [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”