Study on the Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Control in Food System

Li, Yanmei; Huang, Teng‐Yi; Mao, Yuzhu; Shi, Fan; Peng, Ruixin; Chen, Jinxuan; Yuan, Lei; Bai, Caiying; Ling, Chen; Wang, Kan; Liu, Junyan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.599739

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…VBNC was first reported by Xu et al [ 30 ], and this finding was subsequently confirmed by several independent studies, with VBNC now commonly recognized as a critical survival strategy for bacteria [ 31 ]. Furthermore, a number of studies have been carried out globally on VBNC [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], showing the importance of this state on the bacterial life cycle and the implications for the relationship of bacteria with other species, including their hosts. However, there are no reports of VBNC in C. diphtheriae , despite the fact that C. diphtheriae is recognized as a reemerging human pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction and Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Corynebacterium diphtheriae

et al. 2021

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Many pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, can become viable but nonculturable (VBNC) following exposure to specific stress conditions. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a known human pathogen causing diphtheria, has not previously been shown to enter the VBNC state. Here, we report that C. diphtheriae can become VBNC when exposed to low temperatures. Morphological differences in culturable and VBNC C. diphtheriae were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Culturable cells presented with a typical rod-shape, whereas VBNC cells showed a distorted shape with an expanded center. Cells could be transitioned from VBNC to culturable following treatment with catalase. This was further evaluated via RNA sequence-based transcriptomic analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR of culturable, VBNC, and resuscitated VBNC cells following catalase treatment. As expected, many genes showed different behavior by resuscitation. The expression of both the diphtheria toxin and the repressor of diphtheria toxin genes remained largely unchanged under all four conditions (culturable, VBNC, VBNC after the addition of catalase, and resuscitated cells). This is the first study to demonstrate that C. diphtheriae can enter a VBNC state and that it can be rescued from this state via the addition of catalase. This study helps to expand our general understanding of VBNC, the pathogenicity of VBNC C. diphtheriae, and its environmental survival strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction and Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Corynebacterium diphtheriae

et al. 2021

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“…S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections are often recurrent leading to high rates of morbidity ( Otto, 2009 ). The failure of antibiotics to cure these types of infections is primarily associated with the poor capacity to eradicate biofilms, which are known to have bacterial cells with distinct physiological states ( Rani et al., 2007 ), including viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells ( Cerca et al., 2011a ; Zhang et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2020 ). Although VBNC cells cannot grow on standard growth media, these cells present a reduced metabolic activity, replication rate and gene transcription ( Lleo et al., 2000 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

codY and pdhA Expression Is Induced in Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm and Planktonic Populations With Higher Proportions of Viable but Non-Culturable Cells

Gaio

Lopes

Cerca

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm cells can enter a physiological state known as viable but non-culturable (VBNC), where, despite being alive, they do not grow in conventional laboratory media. As such, the presence of VBNC cells impacts the diagnosis of S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections. Previous transcriptomics analysis of S. epidermidis strain 9142 biofilms with higher proportions of VBNC cells suggested that the genes pdhA, codY and mazEF could be involved in the induction of the VBNC state. However, it was previously demonstrated that VBNC induction is strain-dependent. To properly assess the role of these genes in VBNC induction, the construction of mutant strains is necessary. Thus, herein, we assessed if VBNC cells could be induced in strain 1457, a strain amenable to genetic manipulation, and if the previously identified genes were involved in the modulation of the VBNC state in this strain. Furthermore, we evaluated the formation of VBNC cells on planktonic cultures. Our results showed that despite being commonly associated with biofilms, the proportion of VBNC cells can be modulated in both biofilm and planktonic cultures and that the expression of codY and pdhA was upregulated under VBNC inducing conditions in both phenotypes. Overall, our study revealed that the formation of VBNC cells in S. epidermidis is independent of the mode of growth and that the genes codY and pdhA seem to be relevant for the regulation of this physiological condition.

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“…etc.) can enter quickly to a VBNC state (Afari & Hung, 2018; Duze et al, 2021; Ferro et al, 2018; Lamas et al, 2018; Li et al, 2020). In VBNC stage, the cells usually remain in a state of very low metabolic activity and need special conditions to divide again.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 85 species of bacteria have been confirmed as capable of entering into a VBNC state, including 67 pathogenic and 18 non-pathogenic species. (Li et al, 2020). In past studies many of the foodborne pathogens with biofilm forming potential were observed to undergo VBNC state during environmental stresses.…”

Section: Vbnc State Of Foodborne Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilms as a microbial hazard in the food industry: A scoping review

Sharan

Vijay

Dhaka

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Biofilms pose a serious public health hazard with a significant economic impact on the food industry. The present scoping review is designed to analyse the literature published during 2001–2020 on biofilm formation of microbes, their detection methods, and association with antimicrobial resistance (if any). The peer‐reviewed articles retrieved from 04 electronic databases were assessed using PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. From the 978 preliminary search results, a total of 88 publications were included in the study. On analysis, the commonly isolated pathogens were Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens. The biofilm‐forming ability of microbes was found to be influenced by various factors such as attachment surfaces, temperature, presence of other species, nutrient availability etc. A total of 18 studies characterized the biofilm‐forming genes, particularly for S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli. In most studies, polystyrene plate and/or stainless‐steel coupons were used for biofilm formation, and the detection was carried out by crystal violet assays and/or by plate counting method. The strain‐specific significant differences in biofilm formation were observed in many studies, and few studies carried out analysis of multi‐species biofilms. The association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance was not clearly defined. Further, viable but non‐culturable form of the foodborne pathogens is posing an unseen (by conventional cultivation techniques) but potent threat to the food safety. The present review recommends the need for carrying out systematic surveys and risk analysis of biofilms in food chain to highlight the evidence‐based public health concerns, especially in regions where microbiological food hazards are quite prevalent.

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Study on the Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Control in Food System

Cited by 39 publications

References 71 publications

Induction and Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Induction and Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Corynebacterium diphtheriae

codY and pdhA Expression Is Induced in Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm and Planktonic Populations With Higher Proportions of Viable but Non-Culturable Cells

Biofilms as a microbial hazard in the food industry: A scoping review

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