Studying the breakdown electric field in uniform and non-uniform air gaps

Abstract

High voltage is essential in power grids, but it inevitably leads to high electrical stress and the associated risk of electrical discharges. Due to the complexity of the phenomena involved in electrical discharges, there are no analytical formulas for predicting the electric field strength at which they initiate, so experimental data and numerical methods are required for this purpose. According to many sources, electrical discharges can occur in air at normal pressure and temperature when the electric field strength is approximately 3 kV/mm or greater. This paper analyzes and discusses this threshold in detail by examining relevant electrode geometries used in high voltage applications from experimental data found in the scientific literature and using 2D finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. Uniform, quasi-uniform, and non-uniform field gaps are analyzed to help students draw conclusions and gain insight into the nature of gas breakdown and the applicability of the 3 kV/mm threshold. The approach proposed in this paper is well suited for a practical session or group project for undergraduate or even graduate courses. Despite the important effects and design implications of electrical discharges on high voltage devices, apparatus and systems, this topic is rarely covered in regular courses.