Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle

Köhler, Andreas; Som, Claudia; Helland, Aasgeir; Gottschalk, Fadri

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.04.007

Cited by 333 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The scientific consensus is that producing, using, and disposing of ENMs leads to environmental releases of nanoparticles [5,53,54]. However, very little actual data from real-world conditions are available on the emissions of PW-ENM from products and releases into the environment.…”

Section: Release and Alteration Of Enmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon nanotube composite materials are used in a variety of consumer products, including tennis rackets, bicycle frames, and automobile bumpers [53,54]. The intended use and disposal of these consumer products often expose them to a variety of environmental conditions that will affect the alteration of the composite material as well as the transformation of the CNT after it is released from the composite.…”

Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of CNT in composite matrices creates a much more durable product that can withstand physical and chemical processes [79], so this material will probably be altered at a slow rate. However, degradation processes of these materials have not been fully investigated, so altering the composite material and releasing CNT are difficult to evaluate [53]. First results indicate that CNT can be released on photochemical degradation (process 1) of CNT-containing composites [80,81].…”

Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

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Abstract-The risks associated with exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will be determined in part by the processes that control their environmental fate and transformation. These processes act not only on ENM that might be released directly into the environment, but more importantly also on ENM in consumer products and those that have been released from the product. The environmental fate and transformation are likely to differ significantly for each of these cases. The ENM released from actual direct use or from nanomaterial-containing products are much more relevant for ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment than pristine ENM. Released ENM may have a greater or lesser environmental impact than the starting materials, depending on the transformation reactions and the material. Almost nothing is known about the environmental behavior and the effects of released and transformed ENM, although these are the materials that are actually present in the environment. Further research is needed to determine whether the release and transformation processes result in a similar or more diverse set of ENM and ultimately how this affects environmental behavior. This article addresses these questions, using four hypothetical case studies that cover a wide range of ENM, their direct use or product applications, and their likely fate in the environment. Furthermore, a more definitive classification scheme for ENM should be adopted that reflects their surface condition, which is a result of both industrial and environmental processes acting on the ENM. The authors conclude that it is not possible to assess the risks associated with the use of ENM by investigating only the pristine form of the ENM, without considering alterations and transformation processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:50-59. # 2011 SETAC

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Section: Release and Alteration Of Enmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study 5: Carbon Nanotubes In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Arc discharge 3.2 × 10 5 Healy et al [17] 2.2 × 10 3 Kushnir and Sanden [13] CVD (VGCNF) 1.1 × 10 4 Khanna et al [12] CVD (floating bed) 4.8 × 10 2 Kushnir and Sanden [13] HiPCO and CoMoCAT 5.8 × 10 3 Kushnir and Sanden [13] 1.6 × 10 5 Healy et al [17] …”

Section: Synthesis Methods Energy (Mj/kg Cnts Manufactured) Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has a large effect on the overall life cycle impacts attributed to CNT production. The modelling of CNT emissions to the environment has also been studied by several authors [3][4][5]. A better understanding of this is needed to inform risk and life cycle impact assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty communication in the environmental life cycle assessment of carbon nanotubes

Parsons

Murphy

Lee

et al. 2015

IJNT

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Amidst the great technological progress being made in the field of nanotechnology, we are confronted by both conventional and novel environmental challenges and opportunities. Several gaps exist in the present state of knowledge or experience with nanomaterials. Understanding and managing the uncertainties that these gaps cause in LCAs is essential. Traditionally used for more established technology systems, environmental LCA is now being applied to nanomaterials by policy-makers, researchers and industry. However, the aleatory (variability) and epistemic (system process) uncertainties in LCAs of nanomaterials need to be handled correctly and communicated in the analysis. Otherwise, the results risk being misinterpreted, misguiding decision-making processes and could lead to significant detrimental effects for industry, research and policy-making. Here, we review current life cycle assessment literature for carbon nanotubes, and identify the key sources of uncertainty that need to be taken into consideration. These include: the potential for non-equivalency between mass and toxicity (potentially requiring inventory and impact models to be adjusted); the use of proxy data to bridge gaps in inventory data; and the often very wide ranges in material performance, process energy and product lifetimes quoted.

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Hughes

Baur

et al. 2010

Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres

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Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle

Cited by 333 publications

References 63 publications

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Uncertainty communication in the environmental life cycle assessment of carbon nanotubes

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