Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy

Bakhirkin, Yury A.; Kosterev, Anatoliy A.; Curl, R. F.; Tittel, Frank K.; Yarekha, Dmitri; Hvozdara, L.; Giovannini, Marcella; Faist, Jérôme

doi:10.1007/s00340-005-2058-0

Cited by 118 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…IV A 3 and is comparable to several other CEAS or ICOS studies exhibiting a NEA down to 4 ϫ 10 −8 cm −1 Hz −1/2 . 50,52,54,55,58 It is still almost a factor of ϳ50 less sensitive than CRDS employing a cw QCL as demonstrated by Paldus et al, 46 which may be explained by the commonly omitted cavity mode noise in CRDS. For CEAS or ICOS the minimum detectable absorption is typically lim- ited to 10 −2 -10 −3 due to incomplete averaging over the cavity resonances.…”

Section: System Performancementioning

confidence: 82%

“…Second, the laser linewidth has been set to 0.0012 cm −1 ͑36 MHz͒ which is typical for a nonchirped cw QCL with modest power supply ripple. 54 Hence the upper panel of Fig. 11 If now the chirped QCL pulse is taken into account the picture has to be modified.…”

Section: Consequences Of the Chirped Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…48,49 Further development was forthcoming from the availability of DFBQCLs with increasingly good performance such as output power and near ambient temperature operation, in the beginning limited to the 5 -10 m range. Several applications of QCLs combined with either the CRDS or the CEAS/ICOS techniques for trace gas detection [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] followed, and sensitivities down to 2 ϫ 10 −9 cm −1 Hz −1/2 were reported. 51 Recently, the availability of ICL, which emits in the 3 -5 m range, also enabled ICOS experiments on H 2 CO to be performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…58 However, the broader use of cavity based techniques in the MIR in industry or for field application has so far not only been hindered by space or weight restrictions but also by the need for cryogenic cooling of either the laser or ͑at least͒ the detector. Recently there has been a trend away from liquid nitrogen ͑LN͒ cooled systems toward TE cooled devices, 54,55 but the performance of an entirely TE cooled system based on optical cavities has not yet been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trace gas measurements using optically resonant cavities and quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature

Welzel

Lombardi

Davies

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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Röpcke, J. (2008). Trace gas measurements using optically resonant cavities and quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. Journal of Applied Physics, 104(9), 093115-1/15. [093115]. DOI: 10.1063/1.3008014 General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Achieving the high sensitivity necessary for trace gas detection in the midinfrared molecular fingerprint region generally requires long absorption path lengths. In addition, for wider application, especially for field measurements, compact and cryogen free spectrometers are definitely preferable. An alternative approach to conventional linear absorption spectroscopy employing multiple pass cells for achieving high sensitivity is to combine a high finesse cavity with thermoelectrically ͑TE͒ cooled quantum cascade lasers ͑QCLs͒ and detectors. We have investigated the sensitivity limits of an entirely TE cooled system equipped with an ϳ0.5 m long cavity having a small sample volume of 0.3 l. With this spectrometer cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy employing a continuous wave QCL emitting at 7.66 m yielded path lengths of 1080 m and a noise equivalent absorption of 2 ϫ 10 −7 cm −1 Hz −1/2 . The molecular concentration detection limit with a 20 s integration time was found to be 6 ϫ 10 8 molecules/ cm 3 for N 2 O and 2 ϫ 10 9 molecules/ cm 3 for CH 4 , which is good enough for the selective measurement of trace atmospheric constituents at 2.2 mbar. The main limiting factor for achieving even higher sensitivity, such as that found for larger volume multi pass cell spectrometers, is the residual mode noise of the cavity. On the other hand the application of TE cooled pulsed QCLs for integrated cavity output spectroscopy and cavity ring-down spectroscopy ͑CRDS͒ was found to be limited by the intrinsic frequency chirp of the laser. Consequently the accuracy and advantage of an absolute internal absorption calibration, in theory inherent for CRDS experiments, are not achievable.

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Section: System Performancementioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Consequences Of the Chirped Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trace gas measurements using optically resonant cavities and quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature

Welzel

Lombardi

Davies

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…They are widely used in spectroscopic applications and are often integrated in sensing devices. [17][18][19] In this letter, we demonstrate a monolithically integrated lab-on-a-chip using a DFB QCL to improve the selectivity and sensitivity. Weakly coupled DFB lasers with a FWHM of 2 cm À1 are fabricated with the aim to fulfill two important tasks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using narrow mode operation and temperature feedback

Ristanić

Schwarz

Reininger

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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A method to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of a monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using a distributed feedback laser (DFB) is presented in this paper. The sensor is based on a quantum cascade laser/detector system built from the same epitaxial structure and with the same fabrication approach. The devices are connected via a dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide with a twofold function: it provides high light coupling efficiency and a strong interaction of the light with the environment (e.g., a surrounding fluid). The weakly coupled DFB quantum cascade laser emits narrow mode light with a FWHM of 2 cm−1 at 1586 cm−1. The room temperature laser threshold current density is 3 kA∕cm2 and a pulsed output power of around 200 mW was measured. With the superior laser noise performance, due to narrow mode emission and the compensation of thermal fluctuations, the lower limit of detection was expanded by one order of magnitude to the 10 ppm range.

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Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Wang

Miller

Winstead

2008

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) has developed rapidly during the last two decades and has been implemented for a variety of applications ranging from fundamental spectroscopic studies, trace chemical detection for environmental monitoring, combustion flame chemistry and plasma diagnostics, elemental and isotopic measurements, breath gas analysis, and fiber ringdown chemical and physical sensor development. A host of chemical species, including atoms, ions, molecules, clusters, and free radicals, have been studied by CRDS. The experimental ringdown scheme has also evolved from an original mirror‐based format to various new forms for detection and analysis of analytes in either gas phase or liquid solutions. Recent research effort has also extended the CRDS approach for fiber optical sensor development. CRDS has become a mature spectrometric technique for a range of prototype and commercial instrumentation. This article provides a review of the latest developments in CRDS applications, specifically emphasizing new trends in elemental and isotopic analysis, plasma diagnostics, breath gas analysis, and new fiber ringdown techniques for sensor development. The introduction of cutting‐edge laser sources into CRDS methods, the combination of CRDS with conventional analytical tools, and current CRDS instrumentation are also briefly discussed.

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Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy

Cited by 118 publications

References 25 publications

Trace gas measurements using optically resonant cavities and quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature

Trace gas measurements using optically resonant cavities and quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature

Monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using narrow mode operation and temperature feedback

Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

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