Subchronic inhalation studies of complex fragrance mixtures in rats and hamsters

Fukayama, Mark Y; Easterday, O. D.; Serafino, Patricia A; Renskers, Kevin J.; North-Root, Helen; Schrankel, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00179-4

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Based on the estimated exposure dose of 218 μg/kg per day and 14% absorption, MOS and lifetime carcinogenic risk were calculated as 333 and 4 × 10 −4 , respectively. The opinion of the committee for both of the compounds was ‘Taken into consideration that only one animal carcinogenicity study in one species is available, that it is likely that the tumors are induced by a non‐genotoxic mechanism and that a threshold may be present, the calculated risk is considered tolerable.’ In an inhalation exposure study (Fukayama et al., 1999), rats or hamsters (whole body) were exposed to a fragrance mixture at 5, 9 or 50 mg/m 3 for 4 h per day, 5 days per week for 6 or 13 weeks, which represented a 10–100‐fold exaggeration of levels expected to occur during typical use by consumers. The mixture contained HHCB and MK among other 68 ingredients at a level of 1% or more.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a women’s sport center

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Indoor air gas and particulate-phase samples (PM 2.5 ) were collected from a primary school classroom and a womenÕs sport center because children are one of the sensitive population subgroups and women are frequent users of personal care products in addition to the high level of activity in this specific microenvironment. PM 2.5 was collected with a Harvard impactor, and polyurethane foam was used for the gas phase. Samples were ultrasonically extracted, concentrated, and analyzed with a GC-MS. The mean gas-phase concentrations in the classroom ranged from 0.12 ± 0.2 ng/m 3 for MK to 267 ± 56 ng/m 3 for HHCB, while it was from 0.08 ± 0.10 ng/m 3 for AHMI to 144 ± 61 ng/m 3 for HHCB in the sports center. Particulate-phase average concentrations in the sports center ranged from 0.22 ± 0.11 ng/m 3 for ATII to 1.34 ± 071 ng/m 3 for AHTN, while it ranged from 0.05 ± 0.02 ng/m 3 (musk xylene) to 2.50 ± 0.94 ng/m 3 (HHCB) in the classroom. Exposure-risk assessment showed that inhalation route is most probably far less significant than the dermal route; however, it should be noted that the exposure duration covered in this study was not the larger fraction of the day. Practical ImplicationsSynthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are found everywhere because their use in household and personal care products (laundry detergents, carpet cleaners, cleaning agents, fabric softener soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, etc.) has been increasing. These compounds are semi-volatiles that may result in direct and indirect exposures through inhalation route. Although SMCs were found to be dominant in the gas phase, exposure via inhalable particles may be important as we found several compounds in the particulate phase (PM 2.5 ).

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a women’s sport center

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…19 Results from aerosol testing by the industry from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s concluded that the products were safe. However, the formulations tested are no longer in use and present formulations are often quite different (Fukayama et al;20 this summary was published in December of 1999. It is the only published article on respiratory concerns from the fragrance industry).…”

Section: Respiratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

Bridges¹

2002

Flavour & Fragrance J

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Products containing scent are a part of daily life. The majority of cosmetics, toiletries, household and laundry products contain fragrance. In addition, there is exposure to fragrance from products that are used to scent the air, such as air fresheners and fragranced candles. In spite of this widespread use and exposure, there is little information available on the materials used in fragrance. Fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets and components that make up the fragrance portion of the product are not revealed on labels. Fragrance is increasingly cited as a trigger in health conditions such as asthma, allergies and migraine headaches. In addition, some fragrance materials have been found to accumulate in adipose tissue and are present in breast milk. Other materials are suspected of being hormone disruptors. The implications are not fully known, as there has been little evaluation of systemic effects. There are environmental concerns as well, as fragrances are volatile compounds, which add to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Synthetic musk compounds are persistent in the environment and contaminate waterways and aquatic wildlife. At present there is little governmental regulation of fragrance. The fragrance industry has in place a system of self-regulation. However, the present system has failed to address many of the emerging concerns. Industry needs to responsibly address concerns and ensure that scented products are safe for users, those inadvertently exposed and the environment. It is essential that an industry that is, and wishes to continue to be, self-regulated should identify and address concerns in a forthright and responsible manner.

show abstract

“…α-Amylcinnamaldehyde was tested as part of a mixture at the exposure concentration of 5.3 μg/m 3 for 6 weeks. No effects were observed and there was no NOAEC determined in this study (Fukayama et al, 1999).…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 55%

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, CAS registry number 122-40-7

Api

Belsito

Bhatia

et al. 2015

Food and Chemical Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Subchronic inhalation studies of complex fragrance mixtures in rats and hamsters

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a women’s sport center

Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a women’s sport center

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, CAS registry number 122-40-7

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About