Subclinical mastitis (SCM) and proinflammatory cytokines are associated with mineral and trace element concentrations in human breast milk

Li, Chen; Solomons, Noel W.; Scott, Marilyn; Koski, Kristine G.

doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.010

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This is also supported by the studies reporting more immune cells, increased sodium, chloride, immunoglobulins [14,15], and decreased concentration of lactose [14][15][16], calcium, phosphorus, and potassium in the bovine milk of SCM cows [14,17]. In addition, Na:K ratio is reported to be a better indicator of SCM due to higher precision and accuracy in comparison to other diagnostic markers [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…SCM status was assessed using HM sodium potassium ratios (Na:K). Lactating mothers were categorized in to two groups: those having SCM (defined as Na:K ratio >0.6) versus normal (defined as Na:K ratio ≤0.6) based on the Na:K ratios in HM in early lactation (days 2, 17, and 30) [17]. Lactating mothers having at least one incidence of SCM during any of these three time points were classified as SCM, while those in the normal category did not have any incidence of SCM in any of these time points.…”

Section: Collection Of Hm Samples and Diagnosis Of Scmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lactating mothers having at least one incidence of SCM during any of these three time points were classified as SCM, while those in the normal category did not have any incidence of SCM in any of these time points. The cut-offs are based on the published literature on human SCM [12,13,17].…”

Section: Collection Of Hm Samples and Diagnosis Of Scmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The net outcome of this enhanced permeability is increased sodium and decreased potassium concentration in the Human Milk (HM) which routinely forms the basis for employing an elevated sodium: Potassium (Na:K) ratio as a diagnostic tool for SCM in humans [12,13]. This is also supported by the studies reporting more immune cells, increased sodium, chloride, immunoglobulins [14,15], and decreased concentration of lactose [14][15][16], calcium, phosphorus, and potassium in the bovine milk of SCM cows [14,17]. In addition, Na:K ratio is reported to be a better indicator of SCM due to higher precision and accuracy in comparison to other diagnostic markers [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of consistency may be attributed to the fact that most of our knowledge is extrapolated from preclinical studies [18][19][20][21][22], and the limited number of clinical observations offer several limitations. Most clinical studies are focused on the elevated cytokines or changes in inflammatory mediators occurring in the HM of SCM mothers in the absence of data about milk intake and/or infants' growth [8,17,23]. However, study on milk intake by infants of SCM mothers failed to take into account the compositional changes occurring in the HM [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth

et al. 2019

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Background: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland. We examined the effects of SCM on human milk (HM) composition, infant growth, and HM intake in a mother–infant cohort from seven European countries. Methods: HM samples were obtained from 305 mothers at 2, 17, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days postpartum. SCM status was assessed using HM Sodium (Na): Potassium (K) ratio >0.6. Levels of different macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in HM. Results: SCM prevalence in the first month of lactation was 35.4%. Mean gestational age at delivery was lower and birth by C-section higher in SCM mothers (p ≤ 0.001). HM concentrations of lactose, DHA, linolenic acid, calcium, and phosphorous (p < 0.05 for all) was lower, while total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, arachidonic acid to DHA ratio, n-6 to n-3 ratio and minerals (iron, selenium, manganese, zinc, and copper) were higher (p < 0.001 for all) in mothers with SCM. There were no differences in infant growth and HM intake between non-SCM and SCM groups. Conclusion: We document, for the first time, in a large European standardized and longitudinal study, a high prevalence of SCM in early lactation and demonstrate that SCM is associated with significant changes in the macro- and micronutrient composition of HM. Future studies exploring the relation of SCM with breastfeeding behaviors and developmental outcomes are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Collection Of Hm Samples and Diagnosis Of Scmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collection Of Hm Samples and Diagnosis Of Scmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth

et al. 2019

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Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Bogin

2021

Am J Hum Biol

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Background Stunting is defined by the public health community as a length‐ or height‐for‐age <−2 SD of a growth standard or reference and is claimed to be caused by poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Material and Methods Stunting is common at all income levels in middle‐ and low‐income countries. At the higher income levels, stunting is unlikely to be caused by nutrient deficiency or infectious disease. Results In Guatemala, 17% of <5‐year‐olds in the highest family income quintile are stunted. Guatemala has a history of violence from armed conflict, current‐day social and economic inequalities, government corruption, and threat of kidnapping for the wealthiest families. Discussion and Conclusion The high level of persistent violence creates an ecology of fear, an extreme range of inequalities in Social‐Economic‐Political‐Emotional resources, and biosocial stress that inhibits skeletal growth and causes stunting for people of all income levels.

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Anthropological Perspectives on Child Growth and Nutrition in Latin America

Bogin

2023

Human Growth and Nutrition in Latin American and Caribbean Countries

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Subclinical mastitis (SCM) and proinflammatory cytokines are associated with mineral and trace element concentrations in human breast milk

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth

Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth

Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala

Anthropological Perspectives on Child Growth and Nutrition in Latin America

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