Subcritical (carbon dioxide+ethanol) extraction of polyphenols from apple and peach pomaces, and determination of the antioxidant activities of the extracts

Enhancing polyphenol extraction from unripe apples by carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes

“…Celluclast 1.5L has low activity, which is consistent with the findings of Meyer et al(1998), who explained that plant cell wall material retarded by nonproductive adsorption of Celluclast 1.5L to lignin or polysaccharides in the wall matrix. Although the yield of TPC varied in response to the process variables, the efficient reaction conditions have been determined to be a ratio of 0.02 of Viscozyme L to substrate (2 FBG), 50 °C for the reaction temperature, 3.7 for the reaction pH, and (Pinelo et al, 2005), and peach pomace (Adil et al, 2007). Although methanol is the best solvent for polyphenol extraction (Adil et al, 2007), ethanol was selected as the solvent for extraction due to its low toxicity.…”

“…Although the yield of TPC varied in response to the process variables, the efficient reaction conditions have been determined to be a ratio of 0.02 of Viscozyme L to substrate (2 FBG), 50 °C for the reaction temperature, 3.7 for the reaction pH, and (Pinelo et al, 2005), and peach pomace (Adil et al, 2007). Although methanol is the best solvent for polyphenol extraction (Adil et al, 2007), ethanol was selected as the solvent for extraction due to its low toxicity. The effects of the ethanol concentration on the polyphenol extraction from unripe apples were investigated and are shown in Fig.1e.…”

“…A small part of them are utilized as ingredients for animal feed and fertilizer, although this practice poses some environmental and ecological problems (Sudha et al, 2007). Unripe apples contain fairly high levels of polyphenol (Adil et al, 2007;Sudha et al, 2007), which has been reported to have various physiological functions including anti-allergic activity (Kojima et al, 2000;Akiyama et al, 2005), anti-cancer activity (Yanagida et al, 2000), and anti-arteriosclerosis activity (D'Angelo et al, 2007). Some of the agricultural solid by-products like fruit pomace and peel had also been studied for their potential exploitation because of the high contents of polyphenol (Makris et al, 2007).…”

Water at room temperature as a solvent for the extraction of apple pomace phenolic compounds

“…Sanchez-Rabaneda et al (2004) have used fractionation extraction with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane. Some recent studies have reported extraction of the phenolic compounds using alternatives to organic solvents, such as sub-critical extraction (Adil, Cetin, Yener, & Bayindirli, 2007), pressurised liquid extraction (Wijngaard & Brunton, 2009) and water (Cam & Aaby, 2010). The latest review (Wijngaard, Hossain, Rai, & Brunton, 2012) provides an excellent overview of various solvents/techniques used to date in the extraction of phenolic compounds from by-products of food plants.…”

“…Much work has been done on phenolic compounds of AP and efforts are being made to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds by using healthy and environmentally friendly methods (Adil et al, 2007;Cam & Aaby, 2010;Wijngaard & Brunton, 2009. The use of water is a good choice for the extraction of phenolic compounds due to its safety, accessibility and low cost.…”