Subglacial deforming bed conditions recorded by late Quaternary sediments exposed in Vineland Quarry, Ontario, Canada

Maclachlan, John C.; Eyles, Carolyn H.

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.04.016

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Barnett et al 1998;Pugin et al 1999;Russell et al 2003a, b;Sharpe et al 2004) that suggest that regional-scale meltwater storage and discharges events may have significantly influenced glacier dynamics (e.g., thinner ice sheets with lower gradients) and the style of the deglacial sequence. Nevertheless, recent studies of Halton formation (Halton Till and related sediments; Meyer and Eyles 2007;Eyles et al 2010;Maclachlan and Eyles 2011) conclude that Halton formation formed as deforming beds in ice streams as the grounded Ontario…”

Section: R a F Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variant of the re-worked glaciolacustrine bed model and the deforming bed process model has been suggested to explain deposition of Halton Till and formation of small moraines marginal to the western end of Lake Ontario (Eyles et al 2010;Maclachan and Eyles 2011). They suggest D r a f t that surging and /or ice stream flow along the axis of the Lake Ontario basin, resulted in the repeated incremental deposition of fine-grained debris as a deforming bed (Eyles et al 2010) or that glaciolacustrine conditions prevailed, followed by deformation and deposition from overriding Halton ice (Maclachlan and Eyles 2011). Massive diamicton could have been formed by a deforming bed process under elevated porewater pressure conditions (Iverson 2010) such as within Halton diamicton.…”

Section: Deformable Bedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The floating ice/ grounding line model proposed in this paper adequately accounts for the focused and modest sedimentation reported in late sequences at lake-border settings. The model D r a f t accounts for the relatively undeformed sequence reported from the Niagara Peninsula: undeformed silt and clay beneath brecciated silt-clay within a 5 m interval (Maclachlan and Eyles 2011). In this model, deformed silt clasts represent slump breccia, debris flows or ice shelf disturbances.…”

Section: Grounded or Floating Ice In Lake Ontario Basin And Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A revised depositional setting for Halton sediments in the Oak Ridges Moraine area, Ontario

Sharpe

Russell

2016

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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Outcrop and continuous core descriptions, high-resolution seismic profiling, and downhole geophysical data are integrated with detailed mapping to update sedimentary and stratigraphic frameworks for Halton sediment, a complex mud-rich lithofacies succession. Halton sediment has a gradational transition from underlying Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) sediment and can abruptly overlie Newmarket Till. Halton strata thin and fine upwards from ORM sand and gravel to graded sand, silt, and clay rhythmites, with muddy diamicton and sand and gravel interbeds. These strata fill basin lows and drape ORM sediment lobes and Newmarket Till drumlins. These distinct sedimentary units are here informally referred to as Halton formation. Formal Halton Till is a proposed subunit of Halton formation, a clay-rich diamicton mapped from Niagara Peninsula to ORM and eastward. Halton Till has traditionally been inferred to represent a late, climatically induced readvance of grounded ice from Lake Ontario basin, which deposited drumlinized till. Halton sedimentary architecture and facies are interpreted as deposition in an ice-marginal or subglacial lake bounded by Niagara Escarpment, ORM, and grounding line oscillation of a semi-buoyant ice shelf or ice lid over Lake Ontario. Large volumes of transported mud are distal equivalents of ORM high-energy gravelly sand deposits to the east. Glaciolacustrine sedimentation is indicated by mud-rich texture and laminations. Clay–silt rhythmites, diamicton interbeds, and intraclasts indicate ponding, debris flow, and periodic ice loading. Halton depositional model may apply to other muddy diamictons in Great Lakes basins. Halton formation facies are not compatible with proposed grounded ice stream events in Lake Ontario basin.

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Section: R a F Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deformable Bedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Grounded or Floating Ice In Lake Ontario Basin And Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A revised depositional setting for Halton sediments in the Oak Ridges Moraine area, Ontario

Sharpe

Russell

2016

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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“…This 'paradigm shift' in glaciology (Boulton, 1986) was based upon theoretical and field based models that demonstrated that a component of forward glacier motion was accommodated by deformation within the substrate or subglacial bed (Boulton, 1986;Boulton and Hindmarsh, 1987). Subglacial deformable beds have since been widely recognised or inferred beneath both modern (Alley et al, 1986;Dowdeswell et al, 2004) and ancient ice masses (Hicock et al, 1989;Clark and Walder, 1994;Hart, 2007;Maclachlan and Eyles, 2011). They possess a distinctive glacitectonic structure characterised by a vertical variation in cumulative strain reflected in systematic changes in the style and relative intensity of deformation (Banham, 1977;Hart and Boulton, 1991;Benn and Evans, 1996;Evans et al, 2006).…”

Section: Evolution Of Glacitectonic Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacitectonics – a key approach to examining ice dynamics, substrate rheology and ice-bed coupling

Lee

Phillips

2013

Proceedings of the Geologists' Association

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Lee, J.R. and Phillips, E. 2013. Glacitectonics -a key approach to examining ice dynamics, substrate rheology and ice-bed coupling. Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association, 124,[731][732][733][734][735][736][737] AbstractThe role of ice masses within the Earth's climate system and in landscape change is increasingly being recognised within regions that are either currently glaciated or were glaciated during the geological past. There are many different remote and field-based approaches to studying the products of glaciation. One approach -that of glacitectonics, focuses on the styles of deformation and tectonic imprint (folds, fractures, fabrics, foliations and lineations) produced as ice overrides or pushes into pre-existing rocks or sediment. This approach, when used in combination with other types of evidence, can be used to infer ice-dynamics, substrate rheology and ice-bed coupling. Of equal significance is the influence of glacitectonic structure upon the applied properties of glaciated terranes such as ground stability, hydrogeology and fluid migration (e.g. water, gas hydrates and hydrocarbons). This paper provides an introduction to this Special Issue on Glacitectonics, outlining the significance and historical development of this field of glacial geology, before introducing and summarising the contributions that make up the volume.

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“…Hypotheses on the deposition of mud-rich massive diamictons range from subglacial deposition of an advancing or oscillating glacier (e.g., Karrow 1967;Barnett 1992) to deposition solely by lake processes (e.g., Eyles and Eyles 1983). Other hypotheses include deposition by surging (Clayton et al 1985), a deforming bed (Meyer and Eyles 2007;Eyles et al 2011;Maclachlan and Eyles 2011), and at the grounding line of a floating glacier at the margin of a subglacial lake (Sharpe and Russell 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-marginal sedimentation and processes of diamicton deposition in large proglacial lakes, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada

Barnett

Karrow

2018

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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Detailed studies of coastal cliff exposures through two end moraines form the basis for a model of ice-marginal sedimentation in large ice-contact glacier-fed lakes. The input to the ice-marginal environment directly from the glacier included subglacial till and subaquatic flow tills. The subaquatic flow till (thinly bedded diamicton) was deposited in an apron (up to 1 km wide) along the ice margin. An upward gradient of pore-water pressure immediately beyond the ice margin, causing heaving and dilation of the sediments, initiated debris flows of glacially derived debris (subaquatic flow tills). Most of the stratified sediments in the ice-marginal zone entered the lake by way of a large proglacial stream. Sedimentation was dominated by quasi- or near-continuous density underflows that resulted in the deposition of a sequence of thick rhythmites. The glacier in the Lake Erie basin most likely behaved like an ice stream, with its movement controlled predominantly by a deforming bed of glacial debris, separating the glacier sole from underlying predeposited sediments. The deforming bed is preserved as a massive diamicton layer, interpreted here as subglacially deposited till.

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Subglacial deforming bed conditions recorded by late Quaternary sediments exposed in Vineland Quarry, Ontario, Canada

Cited by 10 publications

References 90 publications

A revised depositional setting for Halton sediments in the Oak Ridges Moraine area, Ontario

A revised depositional setting for Halton sediments in the Oak Ridges Moraine area, Ontario

Glacitectonics – a key approach to examining ice dynamics, substrate rheology and ice-bed coupling

Ice-marginal sedimentation and processes of diamicton deposition in large proglacial lakes, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada

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