Submillisecond Electric Field Sensing with an Individual Rare-Earth Doped Ferroelectric Nanocrystal

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics of electrical signals within neuronal assemblies is crucial to unraveling complex brain functions. Despite recent advances in employing optically active nanostructures in transmembrane potential sensing, there remains room for improvement in terms of response time and sensitivity. Here, we report the development of such a nanosensor capable of detecting electric fields with a submillisecond response time at the single-particle level. We achieve this by using ferroelectric nanocrystals doped with rare-earth ions that produce upconversion (UC). When such a nanocrystal experiences a variation of surrounding electric potential, its surface charge density changes, inducing electric polarization modifications that vary, via a converse piezoelectric effect, the crystal field around the ions. The latter variation is finally converted into UC spectral changes, enabling optical detection of the electric potential. To develop such a sensor, we synthesized erbium and ytterbium-doped barium titanate crystals of ≈160 nm in size. We observed distinct changes in the UC spectrum when individual nanocrystals were subjected to an external field via a conductive atomic force microscope tip, with a response time of 100 μs. Furthermore, our sensor exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 4.8 kV/cm/ Hz , enabling time-resolved detection of a fast-changing electric field of amplitude comparable to that generated during a neuron action potential.