Subnanometre resolution in three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of individual dark spins

Grinolds, Michael; Warner, Marc; Greve, Kristiaan De; Dovzhenko, Yuliya; Thiel, Lucas; Walsworth, Ronald L.; Hong, Sungkun; Maletinsky, Patrick; Yacoby, Amir

doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.30

Cited by 262 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Compared to the existing schemes that use the quantum nature of an intermediate spin for improving sensitivity, 18 we stress that our scheme is fully classical and thus should be easily realizable at room temperature-all the ingredients of our scheme are already demonstrated in separate experiments. 10,28,39,40 An alternative setup to achieve resonance between the qubit and FM is to place the NV-center and the FM on a cantilever 41 with resonance frequency in the GHz range. By driving the cantilever, we alleviate the necessity of driving the qubit at FMR frequency as the qubit field is modulated by the oscillations of the cantilever.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. 10), consists of an NV-center near the target qubit and two distinct microwave sources that independently control the NV-center and qubit so that double electron-electron (electron-nuclear) resonance, DEER (DENR), can be performed.…”

Section: Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 These results are realizable due to the amazingly long decoherence times of NV-centers at room temperature and the ability to noninvasively engineer an NV-magnetometer very close to the magnetic sample. Although impressive, current state-of-the-art technology 15 is unable to detect a single nuclear spin; achieving such sensitivity would revolutionize magnetic imaging in chemical and biological systems by facilitating atomic resolution of molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature

et al. 2015

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We demonstrate theoretically that by placing a ferromagnetic particle between a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometer and a target spin, the magnetometer sensitivity is increased dramatically. Specifically, using materials and techniques already experimentally available, we find that by taking advantage of the ferromagnetic resonance the minimum magnetic moment that can be measured is smaller by four orders of magnitude in comparison to current state-of-the-art magnetometers. As such, our proposed setup is sensitive enough to detect a single nuclear spin at a distance of 30 nm from the surface within less than one second of data acquisition at room temperature. Our proposal opens the door for nanoscale NMR on biological material under ambient conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature

et al. 2015

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“…1(a)] [12]. Clean (100) diamond surfaces in ambient conditions are known to host stable electron spins with S ¼ 1=2 and a g factor of 2 [13,14]. These spins have been considered to be deleterious because they are thought to cause decoherence of NV electronic spins within a few nanometers of the diamond surface [15,16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Detection of Individual Proton Spins Using Quantum Reporters

et al. 2014

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“…Second, exploiting advanced NMR techniques will provide a much greater variety of contrast mechanisms than simple isotope-labeling used in this study. In particular, J-couplings or chemical shifts will allow imaging of specific chemical bonds and substances, while Zeeman shifts in a magnetic field gradient could provide depth information with atomic resolution 26 . We therefore expect the technique to find applications in various fields of research.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale nuclear magnetic imaging with chemical contrast

et al. 2015

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Scanning probe microscopy is one of the most versatile windows into the nanoworld, providing imaging access to a variety of sample properties, depending on the probe employed.Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples 1 , magnetic and photonic probes image their magnetic and dielectric structure 2,3 while sharp tips probe mechanical properties like surface topography, friction or stiffness 4 . Most of these observables, however, are accessible only under limited circumstances. For instance, electronic properties are measurable only on conducting samples while atomic-resolution force microscopy requires careful preparation of samples in ultrahigh vacuum 5,6 or liquid environments 7 .Here we demonstrate a scanning probe imaging method that extends the range of accessible quantities to label-free imaging of chemical species operating on arbitrary samples -including insulating materials -under ambient conditions. Moreover, it provides three-dimensional depth information, thus revealing subsurface features. We achieve these results by recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a sample surface with a recently introduced scanning probe, a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We demonstrate NMR imaging with 10 nm resolution and achieve chemically specific contrast by separating fluorine from hydrogen rich regions.Our result opens the door to scanning probe imaging of the chemical composition and atomic structure of arbitrary samples. A method with these abilities will find widespread application in material science even on biological specimens down to the level of single macromolecules.The development of a scanning probe sensor able to image nuclear spins has been a long and outstanding goal of nanoscience, proposed shortly after the invention of scanning probe microscopy itself 8 . To date, this goal is most closely met by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), an extension of atomic-force-microscopy with sensitivity to spins, which has successfully imaged nanoscale distributions of nuclear spins in three dimensions 9 .However, its operation is experimentally challenging, requiring low (sub-Kelvin) temperature and long (weeks/image) acquisition times, which has so far precluded its adoption as a routine technique. To surmount these problems, single electron spins with optical readout capability have been proposed as an alternative local probe for spin distributions 10 . This complementary approach has become a realistic prospect since recent research has established the nitrogenvacancy center, a color defect in diamond 11 , as a candidate system for this scheme 12,13 . This center serves as an atomic-sized magnetic field sensor, which has proven sufficiently sensitive to detect the field of single nuclear spins in its diamond lattice environment [14][15][16] as well as ensembles of 10-10 4 spins in a nanometer-sized sample volume on the diamond surface [17][18][19] .Here we employ a single NV center as a scanning probe to image distributions of nuclear spins in an external sample. All our ...

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Subnanometre resolution in three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of individual dark spins

Cited by 262 publications

References 36 publications

High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature

High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature

Magnetic Resonance Detection of Individual Proton Spins Using Quantum Reporters

Nanoscale nuclear magnetic imaging with chemical contrast

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