“…Both SP and ACTH have been shown to promote learning and memory (Greven & de Wied, 1973;de Wied & Gispen, 1977;Stiubli & Huston, 1980;Wetzel & Matthies, 1982;Tomaz & Huston, 1986;Tomaz et al, 1990;Wan et al, 1992;Huston & Hasen6hrl, 1995;Mattioli et al, 1997), and to have reinforcing effects in rats and goldfish (Huston & Oitzl, 1989;Oitzl et al, 1990;Huston & Hasen6hrl, 1995;Mattioli et al, 1995;, and such effects may facilitate functional recovery, for example, by improving behavioral compensation and re-learning. Effects on learning might also explain why the peptides acted rather rapidly and why their effectiveness outlasted drug discontinuation.…”