Substance Use: Disorders and Continuous Traits

Kirisci, Levent; Vanyukov, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95350-8_1

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Despite a high degree of heterogeneity due to the chemical class, mode of administration, mechanism of action, biotransformation, availability and so forth, there is substantial commonality, both genetic and environmental, among mechanisms of variation in liabilities to substance-specific behaviors (Karkowski et al, 2000;Palmer et al, 2012;Tsuang et al, 1998;Vanyukov, 2012). This is consistent with underlying general/ common liability to addiction (GLA; Conway et al, 2010;Hicks et al, 2012;Vanyukov et al, 2012;, reflected in the above-mentioned global factor (Kirisci & Vanyukov, 2022). Furthermore, there are high correlations, including genetic, between addiction liabilities and behavior dysregulation (disinhibition), externalizing, or antisocial characteristics (Iacono et al, 1999;Iacono et al, 2008;Kirisci et al, 2014;Krueger et al, 2002).…”

Section: Quantitative Perspective: Liability To Addictionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Equating these symptoms with the disorder has resulted in unjustifiably denying pain medication to patients (Heit & Gourlay, 2009; O’Brien, 2011; O’Brien et al, 2006). Statistically, in the most optimal representation of the covariance structure of SUD symptoms for the variety of drugs, a bifactor model, the physiological symptoms are indicators of neither the global factor (reflecting nondrug-specific causes of symptom variation) nor substance-specific factors, but are in a causal relationship with both (Kirisci & Vanyukov, 2022), in line with the conceptual biobehavioral considerations.…”

Section: Substance Use and Substance Use Disorder: The Taxonomical Co...mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…On their surface, resistance and risk are simply the alternative points of view on the same trait, liability (Kirisci & Vanyukov, 2022;Vanyukov, 2021;Vanyukov, Cornelius et al, 2016;Vanyukov, Tarter et al, 2016). Just as individual liability may grow under the influence of risk factors (e.g., availability of addictive substances; a gene's allele related to faster addiction-driving neurobiological changes), it may decrease under the influence of resistance factors (e.g., a dramatic example of a relative dying of drug poisoning; a gene's allele that causes a noxious response to a substance, such as ALDH2*2 for alcohol; Goedde et al, 1983;Harada et al, 1982).…”

Section: Resistance Vs Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much effort has been directed at several such factors in school-age children (Kellam et al, 2014;Botvin, 1995;Sussman et al, 2002) and their parents (Kumpfer & Hansen, 2014;Walden et al, 2004); for example, diminished selfcontrol, deficient decision making, peer pressure. Even when known, however, risk factors are difficult to deal with (see Kirisci & Vanyukov, 2022;Vanyukov, 2021). Drug supply, the obvious risk factor necessary for drug use regardless of any other factors, is an example.…”

Section: Implementing a Resistance Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three remaining criteria are not behavioral but pharmacological phenomena pertaining to physical (physiological) dependence. Reflecting a lower level of biological organization than behavior, these symptoms — withdrawal, tolerance, and craving — unsurprisingly do not fit the underlying unidimensional construct conceptually and statistically (Kirisci & Vanyukov, 2022). Conceptually, as manifestations of the adaptive physiological response to drug exposure, they are not necessarily indicative of a disorder.…”

Section: Substance Use and Substance Use Disorder: The Taxonomical Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Concept of Resistance to Substance Use and a Research Approach: The Resist! Project

et al. 2023

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Illicit substance use is dangerous in both acute and chronic forms, frequently resulting in lethal poisoning, addiction, and other negative consequences. Similar to research in other psychiatric conditions, whose ultimate goal is to enable effective prevention and treatment, studies in substance use are focused on factors elevating the risk for the disorder. The rapid growth of the substance use problem despite the effort invested in fighting it, however, suggests the need in changing the research approach. Instead of attempting to identify risk factors, whose neutralization is often infeasible if not impossible, it may be more promising to systematically reverse the perspective to the factors enhancing the aspect of liability to disorder that shares the same dimension but is opposite to risk, that is, resistance to substance use. Resistance factors, which enable the majority of the population to remain unaffected despite the ubiquity of psychoactive substances, may be more amenable to translation. While the resistance aspect of liability is symmetric to risk, the resistance approach requires substantial changes in sampling (high-resistance rather than high-risk) and using quantitative indices of liability. This article provides an overview and a practical approach to research in resistance to substance use/addiction, currently implemented in a NIH-funded project. The project benefits from unique opportunities afforded by the data originating from two longitudinal twin studies, the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent and Behavioral Development and the Minnesota Twin Family Study. The methodology described is also applicable to other psychiatric disorders.

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