Substantial hybridisation between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and East Balkan pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in natural environment as a result of semi-wild rearing in Bulgaria

Nikolov, Ivan; Stoeckle, Bernhard C.; Марков, Георги; Kuehn, Ralph

doi:10.17221/49/2015-cjas

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, in South Bulgaria the A clade is observed as dominant. Similar data about wild boar based on microsatellite analysis showed a clear difference between North and South populations [3]. A comparison of the EBS with Bulgarian wild boars and commercial pigs showed there that there has been a gene fl ow between these three groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Other studies investigated the ESB based on mitochondrial DNA analysis [2] and microsatellite markers [3]. According to [2], characteristic for North Bulgaria is a mixed profi le, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They discuss these differences as the relict of historical pig translocation, closest to the Anatolian pig population. Other study of EBSs and wild boar based on microsatellite analysis also showed a difference between North and South Bulgarian wild boar populations [3]. Because of the small number of EBS, the genetic structure showed a mixed profi le with wild boar populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Mitochondrial Diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in South-Eastern Bulgaria

et al. 2019

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The East Balkan Swine (EBS) is the only preserved local swine breed in Bulgaria and one of the few indigenous pig breeds in Europe. The EBS is distributed in the region of Eastern Balkan Mountains and the Strandja Mountain. To reveal the breed’s genetic profile, we analyzed 50 purebred individuals according to mitochondrial DNA (D-loop region, HVR1) and sequence analysis in the Scientific Center of Agriculture (Sredets region) in the country. The obtained results show the presence of four haplotypes: three Asian specific haplotypes (H1, H2, and H3) and the European specific E1a1. The haplotypes H2 (6 %) and H3 (2 %) were newly described and were branched from the basic clade H1 (90 %). All haplotypes belong to the Asiatic clade A (98 %), except one sample assigned to the European haplogroup E1 (2 %) in contrast to samples from East North Bulgaria where Asiatic and Europen clades were with almost equal distribution. The coexistence of two mtDNA clades in EBS in Bulgaria may be related to the source of the pig populations and/or the historical crossbreeding with imported pigs. In conclusion, due to its native origin, the East Balkan Swine may be the only possible option for a solution to the exhaustion of the beneficial genetic variation of available cultural breeds. With its participation, high-productive populations can be restored and established after a long and purposeful selection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Other studies investigated the ESB based on mitochondrial DNA analysis [2] and microsatellite markers [3]. According to [2], characteristic for North Bulgaria is a mixed profi le, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Mitochondrial Diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in South-Eastern Bulgaria

et al. 2019

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“…Future research, ideally comprising additional samples from Eastern Europe and the Balkan area, could help identify the possible existence of broader geographical patterns relevant for evolution and conservation management, and the potential influence of the different breeding systems established in Eastern and Western Europe. For instance, whereas in Germany and the Netherlands industrial pig farms are common 44 , in Bulgaria the traditional breeding system is associated with high bidirectional hybridization 45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hotspots of recent hybridization between pigs and wild boars in Europe

Iacolina

Pertoldi

Amills

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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After a strong demographic decline before World War II, wild boar populations are expanding and the species is now the second-most abundant ungulate in Europe. This increase raises concerns due to wild boar impact on crops and natural ecosystems and as potential vector of diseases. Additionally, wild boar can hybridize with domestic pigs, which could increase health risks and alter wild boar adaptive potential. We analysed 47,148 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in wild boar from Europe (292) and the Near East (16), and commercial (44) and local (255) pig breeds, to discern patterns of hybridization across Europe. We identified 33 wild boars with more than 10% domestic ancestry in their genome, mostly concentrated in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Serbia. This difference is probably due to contrasting practices, with free-ranging vs. industrial farming but more samples would be needed to investigate larger geographic patterns. Our results suggest hybridization has occurred over a long period and is still ongoing, as we observed recent hybrids. Although wild and domestic populations have maintained their genetic distinctiveness, potential health threats raise concerns and require implementation of management actions and farming practices aimed at reducing contact between wild and domestic pigs.

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“…However, our data were based on phenotypical classification of hybrids which might not be precise enough to discern accurately between hybrid and pure individuals. Further studies using appropriate genetic methods to determine hybridization ( 45 , 46 ) are needed to assess the hypothetical link between hybridization and disease susceptibility in Corsica.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aujeszky’s Disease and Hepatitis E Viruses Transmission between Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in Corsica: Evaluating the Importance of Wild/Domestic Interactions and the Efficacy of Management Measures

et al. 2018

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Wildlife species as reservoirs of infectious pathogens represent a serious constraint in the implementation of disease management strategies. In the Mediterranean island of Corsica, the dynamics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) are suspected to be influenced by interactions between wild and domestic pigs. To improve our understanding of these influences, we first compared the seroprevalences of both viruses in domestic pig populations from different locations with contrasted levels of wild–domestic interactions, ADV vaccination, biosafety, and farm husbandry. Second, we performed an analysis at a more restricted geographical scale, to assess the matching of ADV or HEV prevalence between sympatric wild boar and outdoor pig farms most exposed to interactions with wildlife. Logistic models were adjusted to the observed data. A high seroprevalence of HEV (>80%) and ADV (40%) in pigs, with no significant difference according to the region, confirms that both pathogens are enzootic in Corsica. Vaccination against ADV had a strong protective effect, even when performed voluntarily by farmers. Farm biosafety had an additional effect on pigs’ exposure, suggesting that contact between wild boars and pigs were involved in disease transmission. A strong correlation in HEV seroprevalence was observed between pigs and wild boars that were in close contact, and significantly lower seroprevalence was observed in pigs when they had little contact with wild boars due to spatial segregation. These results suggest a regular HEV circulation between sympatric wild boar and domestic pigs. The high HEV seroprevalence observed in domestic pigs (>80%) suggests a spillover of the virus from domestic to wild populations through environmental contamination, but this hypothesis has to be confirmed. Conversely, even though avoiding sows’ release on pasture during estrus showed some protecting effect in the free ranging pig farms regarding ADV, ADV seroprevalence was not dependent on the swine populations (wild or domestic) or on the wild–domestic spatial overlap, suggesting two quasi-separate enzootic cycles. This information will prove useful for designing more efficient disease management strategies in Corsica and similar contexts.

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Substantial hybridisation between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and East Balkan pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in natural environment as a result of semi-wild rearing in Bulgaria

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Mitochondrial Diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in South-Eastern Bulgaria

Mitochondrial Diversity of the East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in South-Eastern Bulgaria

Hotspots of recent hybridization between pigs and wild boars in Europe

Aujeszky’s Disease and Hepatitis E Viruses Transmission between Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in Corsica: Evaluating the Importance of Wild/Domestic Interactions and the Efficacy of Management Measures

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