Substituted Hydroxyapatites with Antibacterial Properties

Abstract

Reconstructive surgery is presently struggling with the problem of infections located within implantation biomaterials. Of course, the best antibacterial protection is antibiotic therapy. However, oral antibiotic therapy is sometimes ineffective, while administering an antibiotic at the location of infection is often associated with an unfavourable ratio of dosage efficiency and toxic effect. Thus, the present study aims to find a new factor which may improve antibacterial activity while also presenting low toxicity to the human cells. Such factors are usually implemented along with the implant itself and may be an integral part of it. Many recent studies have focused on inorganic factors, such as metal nanoparticles, salts, and metal oxides. The advantages of inorganic factors include the ease with which they can be combined with ceramic and polymeric biomaterials. The following review focuses on hydroxyapatites substituted with ions with antibacterial properties. It considers materials that have already been applied in regenerative medicine (e.g., hydroxyapatites with silver ions) and those that are only at the preliminary stage of research and which could potentially be used in implantology or dentistry. We present methods for the synthesis of modified apatites and the antibacterial mechanisms of various ions as well as their antibacterial efficiency.

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…For example, addition of Ag ? (Pushpakanth et al 2008;Zhang et al 2010b;Kim et al 1998;Kolmas et al 2014), Zn 2? (Kim et al 1998;Kolmas et al 2014;Stanić et al 2010) and Cu 2?…”

“…(Kim et al 1998;Kolmas et al 2014;Stanić et al 2010) and Cu 2? (Kim et al 1998;Kolmas et al 2014;Stanić et al 2010;Li et al 2010) was used for imparting antimicrobial effect, while radioactive isotopes of 90 Y (Thomas et al 2008), 153 Sm (Chinol et al 1993;Argüelles et al 1999;O'Duffy et al 1999) and 186 Re (Chinol et al 1993) were incorporated into HA bioceramics and injected into knee joints to treat rheumatoid joint synovitis (Thomas et al 2008;Chinol et al 1993;O'Duffy et al 1999). More to the point, apatites were found to incorporate individual molecules, such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide (Rey et al 2006).…”

Tuned Hydroxyapatite Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…The defense mechanisms activated by the immune system can be reinforced through the introduction of antibacterial agents that have biological interaction with the biomaterial. One of the alternatives is the substitution capacity of HAp ions by doping, and these ions have antibacterial properties: silver (Ag + ), cupper (Cu 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2+ ), selenium (SeO 3 2− ), strontium (Sr 2+ ), lanthanides (Ce 3+ , Ga 3+ , Sm 3+ ), and so on [25][26][27][28].…”

“…This ability to incorporate ions through the doping is an alternative that is based on the fact that the introduction of small amounts of some ions can cause changes that improve the biological, physical-chemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the material [26,[29][30][31][32][33]. Thus, this study aims to present a search for articles and patent of technological inventions, which include information about hydroxyapatite in relation to its applications in the field of tissue engineering and doping with cerium ion for biomedical applications.…”

Preparation of strontium- and/or zinc-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their polycaprolactone composite fibrous scaffolds

“…However, pure HA have low bioactive property due to their low resorbability [2]. Many studies on modifying HA composition have been conducted to improve its properties such as bioactivity, degradation behavior and antibacterial property [3][4][5][6].…”