Suburbanization within City Limits in Hungary—A Challenge for Environmental and Social Sustainability

Abstract

Suburbanization is one of the most prominent processes of post-socialist urban development, leading to the deconcentration of people, capital, as well as productive and non-productive activities within the functional urban area. This phenomenon also has a significant impact on the traditional rural landscape and leads to environmental and social sustainability challenges. Outmigration from the city center to the rural municipalities of the agglomeration ring is already a thoroughly studied topic. However, less attention is given to migration processes not crossing municipal borders. In Hungary, a significant fraction of them is driven by similar motivations as “traditional” suburbanization. Such movements include flows to built-up residential areas that are physically separated from the urban core. Due to their peculiar development path, the inhabited outskirts can also become destinations for within-city migration. This kind of mobility can be considered suburbanization within the city limits. Because of the general lack of data, this phenomenon is seldom researched. However, this study attempts to address this gap. The prevalence of this process in Hungary is explored by analyzing national statistical data sources. Four case studies are selected for detailed examination—Győr, Zalaegerszeg, Kecskemét, and Szeged. GIS methods, field examinations, surveys, and expert interviews are used to get a detailed picture of the demographic and land cover change processes, as well as the distinctions between the destination areas of the case studies. A comparison of the results drawn from the different methods reveals that land use change in the study area is more widespread than what the land cover datasets indicate. The findings indicate that the Corine Land Cover categories describing mixed land use—especially complex cultivation patterns—are not able to capture the drastic function shift caused by intense suburbanization. Different environmental and social sustainability issues are identified depending on the economic status of the outmigrants. This paper also sheds some light on the urban planning considerations of this emerging challenge.

Formal urbanisation in East-Central Europe

“…Additionally, there are well-studied cases where suburbanisation occurs within the city limits and does not result in suburban towns (Kubeš, J. and Nováček, A. 2019;Szmytkie, R. 2021;Vasárus, G.L. and Lennert, J.…”

Suburban Sustainability in Budapest Agglomeration – the Case of Törökbálint

“…The suburbanization and urban sprawl around Budapest have been extensively examined in the recent scientific literature using a range of qualitative and quantitative methods across various disciplines. These studies cover a wide range of topics from general ones [64][65][66][67][68][69] to concerning specific aspects, such as spatial decentralization [70], compactness [71], socio-economic segregation [72], power relations [73], regional planning [74], suburban creativity [61,75], suburban communities [76,77], suburban peripheries [78], post-Fordist polycentric spatial structure [79], effects of COVID [80], and inner-peripheral [81] and ecological [82,83] sustainability. Only the crucial characteristics needed for comprehending the subsequent analyses will be outlined according to recent accounts [61,69].…”

El cambio de cobertura y uso del terreno desde el enfoque de la metodología mixta: una revisión de la literatura

“…Se identificaron algunos procesos en las coberturas y los usos del suelo reportado en este periodo de análisis (Figura 7). El más frecuente es la expansión urbana (Assefa et al, 2022;Donalde et al, 2022;Vasárus y Lennert, 2022), expansión de pastizales (Jebiwott et al, 2021), en algunos casos se ha reportado una disminución (Gomes et al, 2019;Jebiwott et al, 2021), el incremento de los asentamientos humanos (Cissell et al, 2018), y la deforestación de los bosques (Dame et al, 2019;Koch et al, 2019;Shiferaw et al, 2019;Wellmann et al, 2020), matorrales (Farley et al, 2012), selvas y manglares (Roy y Datta, 2018). Se pudo identificar que estos cambios están relacionados directamente con la expansión urbana, la intensificación de la agricultura comercial (Esgalhado et al, 2021) y el desarrollo de infraestructura (Haller, 2014;Koch et al, 2019).…”