Suicide, firearms, and legislation: A review of the Canadian evidence

Langmann, Caillin

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106471

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We conjecture that this subpopulation has greater ease of access and purchase in the illegal market, including online—a hypothesis that needs to be investigated in future studies. Thus, policies are needed to control arms trafficking in the country, intersectoral policies to prevent adolescents and young people from getting involved in organized crime, associated with public policies that increase youth participation in sports and cultural activities, especially in high-income territories—socioeconomic vulnerability [ 10 , 11 , 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Young men are considered more impulsive and use lethal means to commit suicide. Barriers to accessing firearms, this group of people usually resorts to hanging to commit suicide [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], an easily accessible method of perpetration, which only has effective prevention measures in institutionalized people. In this direction, a study carried out in Brazil from 1980 to 2019 showed an increase in mortality rates due to suicide by hanging of 10.12% comparing the 1990s with the 2000s and an increase of 51.97% in the coefficients of the period from 2000 to 2009 compared to the period from 2010 to 2019.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, policies to control access to firearms have a cohort effect, as they impact different age groups unequally. Younger people may have difficulty accessing firearms, but middle-aged and elderly adults may already be carrying this instrument, and thus the effect of this preventive measure would be less in these age groups [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

et al. 2023

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Suicide is a complex and multi-determined phenomenon. Higher rates are observed in men and are related to multiple risk factors, including mental disorders, financial crises, unemployment, and easy access to highly lethal means of perpetration, such as firearms. We studied the effects of age, period, and cohort (APC) on total and firearm-related suicides in men in Brazil and its major regions from 1980 to 2019. Death records were extracted from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Mortality Information System. Estimable functions were used to estimate APC models, through the Epi library of the R statistical program, version 4.2.1. During the study period, Brazil had an average rate of 10.22 deaths per 100,000 men. Among regions, rates ranged from 8.62 (Northeast) to 16.93 (South). The same profile was observed in suicides by firearms. After estimating the APC models, we observed a temporal trend of increasing total suicides for Brazil and regions, except for the South region, where the trend was stationary. The trend was downward for firearm suicides for all locations. A positive gradient was observed in the mortality rate with advancing age for total suicides; and peak incidence between 20–29 years, with subsequent stabilization, for suicides perpetrated by firearms. There was a reduction in the risk of death for suicides perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference period (1995–1999) for all locations, except in the North region, where the effect was not significant. The younger generations from the 1960s onwards had a higher risk of death from total suicide and a lower risk for those perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference cohort (1950–1954). We observed a reduction in the mortality trend for suicides perpetrated by firearms, a reduction in the risk of death in the 2000s and for men born after 1960. Our results suggest reducing the risk of death from suicide by firearms in Brazil and regions. However, there is an upward trend in mortality from total suicides in the study period (1980–2019) and for younger cohorts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

et al. 2023

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“…In 2001 regulations required a license to acquire and possess firearms with renewal every five years after a background and reference check. While several studies controlling for contributing variables have shown that the associated effects of legislation with firearms deaths appear to have been equivocal, no specific examination of the association with mass homicide in Canada has been produced [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Despite several high-profile events, such as a recent mass stabbing in Saskatchewan killing 10 people and injuring 18, the incidence of mass homicide in Canada has also not been studied [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass homicide by firearm in Canada: Effects of legislation

Langmann

2023

PLoS ONE

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Canada implemented a series of laws regulating firearms including background checks and licensing, references, psychological questionnaires, prohibition of paramilitary style rifles, and magazine capacity restrictions in order to decrease the incidences and deaths from mass shootings. The associated effects of these laws were examined over the years 1974 to 2020. A model was constructed using difference-in-differences analysis of firearms and non-firearms mass homicide incidences and death rates. Mass homicides were defined as a homicide due to one event involving three or more deaths. Incidence rates of mass homicide by firearm were found to be 0.11 (95%CI 0.08, 0.14) per million compared to a non-firearm mass homicide rate of 0.12 (95% CI 0.10, 0.15) per million. Mass homicide death rates by firearm were found to be 0.39 (95% CI 0.29, 0.49) per million compared to a non-firearm mass homicide rate of 0.47 (95% CI 0.34, 0.61) per million. Overall, there is a gradual declining trend in the incidence of mass homicide by firearm (IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98)) and by non-firearm (IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.97, 0.98)). The decline in mass homicide death rate by firearm and non-firearm is IRR 0.96 (95% CI 0.95, 0.97), and IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98) respectively. No specific associated decrease in mass homicide incidence rates or death rates with firearms legislation was found after the implementation of background checks and prohibition of full auto firearms in 1980, by the implementation of references and psychological questionnaires in 1994, by the restriction of magazine capacity in 1994, the prohibition of paramilitary rifles in 1994, or licensing in 2001.

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“…In 2001 regulations required a license to acquire and possess firearms with renewal every five years after a background and reference check. While several studies controlling for contributing variables have shown that the associated effects of legislation with firearms deaths appear to have been equivocal, no specific examination of the association with mass homicide in Canada has been produced (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Despite several high-profile events, the incidence of mass homicide in Canada has also not been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Homicide by Firearm in Canada: Effects of Legislation

Langmann

2022

Preprint

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Canada implemented a series of laws regulating firearms including background checks and licensing, references, psychological questionnaires, prohibition of paramilitary style rifles, and magazine capacity restrictions in order to decrease the incidences and deaths from mass shootings. The associated effects of these laws were examined over the years 1974 to 2020. A model was constructed using difference-in-differences analysis of firearms and non-firearms mass homicide incidences and death rates. Mass homicides were defined as a homicide due to one event involving three or more deaths. Incidence rates of mass homicide by firearm were found to be 0.11 (95%CI 0.08, 0.14) per million compared to a non-firearm mass homicide rate of 0.12 (95% CI 0.10, 0.15) per million. Mass homicide death rates by firearm were found to be 0.39 (95% CI 0.29, 0.49) per million compared to a non-firearm mass homicide rate of 0.47 (95% CI 0.34, 0.61) per million. Overall, there is a gradual declining trend in the incidence of mass homicide by firearm (IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98)) and by non-firearm (IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.97, 0.98)). The decline in mass homicide death rate by firearm and non-firearm is IRR 0.96 (95% CI 0.95, 0.97), and IRR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98) respectively. No associated decrease in mass homicide incidence rates or death rates with firearms legislation was found after the implementation of background checks and prohibition of full auto firearms in 1980, by the implementation of references and psychological questionnaires in 1994, by the restriction of magazine capacity in 1994, the prohibition of paramilitary rifles in 1994, or licensing in 2001.

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Suicide, firearms, and legislation: A review of the Canadian evidence

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019

Mass homicide by firearm in Canada: Effects of legislation

Mass Homicide by Firearm in Canada: Effects of Legislation

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