Sulfonated and sulfated chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications: A review

Recent Advances in Artificially Sulfated Polysaccharides for Applications in Cell Growth and Differentiation, Drug Delivery, and Tissue Engineering

“…This solubility difference lies in their different backbones based on distinct repeating units: chitosan is constituted of anhydroglucosamine units containing amino groups at the C‐2 position, and cellulose contains only hydroxyl groups at the C‐2 position . Chitosan has some beneficial properties, such as excellent biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and nontoxicity, that promote its applications in many biomedical and pharmaceutical fields . After the sulfation of chitosan by using various sulfating agents, the total DSs of CHS and the distribution of the sulfate groups can be determined by combining elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy .…”

“…Dimassi et al. reviewed diverse methods to determine DSs, the molecular weights, and the position of sulfate . The synthetic methods to control the distribution of sulfate groups was reviewed in detail by Bedini et al …”

“…CHS with diverse DS S and compositions can also be prepared through sulfating reactions under diverse conditions (Table ) . CHS is proven to be anticoagulant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant . Therefore, it has attracted increasing interest in these fields, with the potential to replace native heparin and heparan sulfate .…”

“…Therefore, it has attracted increasing interest in these fields, with the potential to replace native heparin and heparan sulfate . Recently, novel advances were reviewed within the areas of cell growth and differentiation, as well as for preparing drug carriers and scaffolds …”

“…[64] Chitosan has some beneficial properties, such as excellent biocompatibility,a ntimicrobial activity,a nd nontoxicity, that promote its applicationsi nm any biomedical and pharmaceuticalf ields. [67][68][69][70] After the sulfation of chitosan by using various sulfating agents, the total DSs of CHS and the distribution of the sulfate groupsc an be determined by combininge lemental analysisa nd NMR spectroscopy. [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] The total DSs of CHS can generally be determinedb ym eans of elemental analysis, whereas other quantification methods can be developed, such as the use of FT Ramanspectroscopy.…”