Sulfonated tea waste: A low-cost adsorbent for purification of biodiesel

Fadhil, Abdelrahman B.; Saeed, Liqaa I.

doi:10.1080/15435075.2014.896801

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the elevated cost of these oils, as well as their utilization as a food source for humankind, led to an imbalance between the food supply and BD production. 20 Synthesis of BD from a mixture of edible oils, 5 a blend of edible and non-edible oils, 21,22 and a mixture of non-edible oils 4,[22][23][24][25] were announced in literature. These feedstocks are characterized by their lower prices and invalidity for human consumption as an outcome of their content of toxic materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different adsorbents were applied for purifying the crude alkyl esters, including the activated carbon (AC), 16 Magnesol, 17 rice husk ash, 17 Amberlite, 18 silica gel, 19 and biomass wastes. 20 Synthesis of BD from a mixture of edible oils, 5 a blend of edible and non-edible oils, 21,22 and a mixture of non-edible oils 4,[22][23][24][25] were announced in literature. Nonetheless, most of those studies focused on the production of methylic biodiesel (MBD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

Fadhil

Nayyef

Sedeeq

2019

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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A blend of radish oil (RO) and apricot kernel oil (AKO) was transesterified with methanol, ethanol, and their equivalent mixture, to yield methylic biodiesel (MBD), ethylic biodiesel (EBD), and methylic/ethylic biodiesel (MEBD), respectively with the refining of the so-developed fuels through adsorption onto the activated carbon prepared by ZnCl 2 activation of apricot shells. The best conversion of RO-AKO blend to MBD (96.12 ± 1.25%) and MEBD (94.23 ± 2.22) was attained at KOH concentration, 0.75% w/w of oil, alcohol/oil molar ratio, 6/1, mixing intensity, 600 rpm, reaction temperature, 60°C, and 45-min reaction period, whereas the best conditions that produced the highest yield of EBD (95.19 ± 2.0 %) were KOH concentration, 1.0 KOH % w/w of oil, ethanol/oil molar ratio, 8/1, mixing intensity, 600 rpm, reaction temperature, 65°C, and 75-min reaction period. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed formation of the alkyl esters from the RO-AKO blend. The quality of MBD, EBD, and MEBD obtained from the RO-AKO blend was evaluated and found comparable with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 standards. Additionally, blending of MEBD with petrodiesel was possible, and properties of the blends were in accordance with those established by ASTM D7467-17. The methanolysis of the RO-AKO mixture followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with activation energy of 27.27 kJ mol −1 . In conclusion, the RO-AKO mixture could be lowcost feedstock for biodiesel production. Moreover, apricot shells could be exploited as a priceless and suitable adsorbent for the adsorption of impurities found in the crude alkyl esters for its high surface area.KEYWORDS radish oil-apricot kernel oil blend, alcoholysis reaction, purification by activated carbon, fuel properties assessment, identification of biodiesel, kinetics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

Fadhil

Nayyef

Sedeeq

2019

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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“…The measurements were performed at (2h) between 20 and 80 . The specific surface areas of the activated carbon and the catalyst were determined by the retention method (Fadhil & Saeed, 2016). The basic properties of the catalysts were evaluated by amine titration using Hammett indicators (Tabak et al, 2007;Takase et al, 2014).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of methyl esters production from non-edible oils using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide as a solid base catalyst

Fadhil

Aziz

Altamer

2018

Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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The present investigation reports transesterification of non-edible oils, waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste fish oil (WFO) with methanol using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a solid base catalyst. Activated carbon was prepared from polyethylene terephthalate waste and loaded with KOH by wet impregnation method to prepare KOH/AC solid base catalyst. X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize the resulting solid base catalyst. Retention method was utilized to measure the specific surface area of the activated carbon and its derived solid base catalyst, while Hammett indicator method was followed to determine the basic strength of the prepared solid base catalyst. The prepared catalyst has granular and porous structures with a high basicity and a superior catalytic performance for the transesterification reaction. Transesterification reaction variables were arranged to obtain the best biodiesel yield. The highest methyl ester yield from WCO (88.12% w/w with an ester content of 96.68% w/w) was obtained by employing 3.5 wt.% KOH/AC catalyst, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 65 C reaction temperature, the reaction time of 180 min and the stirring rate of 600 rpm, while maximum methyl ester yield from WFO (92.66% w/w with 96.98% w/w ester content) was produced with 3.0 wt.% KOH/AC catalyst, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 65 C for 150 minutes of the reaction and 600 rpm. The prepared solid base catalyst was recoverable and thermally stable giving a yield of 70 wt.% after the 5th cycle. The fuel properties of the raw oils were significantly enhanced after transesterification with methanol in the presence of KOH/AC, and were in conformity with the ASTM D 6751 limits as well. Therefore, the prepared KOH/AC composite may be considered as a promising solid base catalyst for transesterification of non-edible oils with methanol. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Also, some peaks in the parent GCSO, like those seen at 1459.52 cm −1 and 1098.0 cm −1 have vanished from the spectra and replaced by new bands at 1435.52 cm −1 and 1022.29 cm −1 in the MEBD spectra. The presence of these new bands approves the transformation of the original GCSO to its corresponding alkyl esters [43][44][45] Fig. 6.…”

Section: Ftir 1 H Nmr and Tlc Analysis Of Ebd And Mebdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production from Lipidium sativum L.seed oil by alkali-catalyzed transesterification with different alcohols: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

2021

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This study reports the exploitation of Garden cress Lepidium sativum L. seed as a novel non-edible raw feedstock for producing high yield and quality biodiesels vial the optimized alcoholysis reaction. The satisfactory oil content of the Garden cress seeds (28.50± 1.50 % w/w) encouraged its utilization for biodiesel (BD) creation. The garden cress seed oil (GCSO) was transesterified with ethanol and a blend of methanol and ethanol via optimized alkali-catalyzed alcoholysis reaction. The typical reaction conditions, which resulted in the maximum yield of the ethylic BD (90.45 ± 2.0 % were 1.0 wt.% KOH, 8:1 ethanol: GCSO molar ratio, 65 ℃ for a duration of 75 minutes, while 0.80 wt.% KOH, 6:1 mixed alcohols: GCSO molar ratio, 60 ℃, and a duration of 1h, were the typical experimental conditions, which produced the superlative yield of MEBD (97.50± 1.50%,). Transformation of the GCSO to its corresponding alkyl esters was certified through the FTIR, 1 H NMR, and thinlayer chromatography studies. Besides, fuel properties of the pristine GCSO have noticeably changed and obeyed the ASTM criteria as a result of the alcoholysis reaction of GCSO with the said alcohols. Blends prepared by blending BD samples with petro diesel at various ratios (v/v) exhibited their compatibility with the specifications fixed by the ASTM standards. The alcoholysis reaction of the GCSO obeyed the first-order kinetics with activation energy values of 30.71 kJ/mol for the ethanolysis of the GCSO, and 32.93 kJ/mol for the transesterification with mixed methanol/ethanol alcohols. This study disclosed that the GCSO possessed the potential to be utilized as a successful alternative to petroleum-based diesel.

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Sulfonated tea waste: A low-cost adsorbent for purification of biodiesel

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

Optimization of methyl esters production from non-edible oils using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide as a solid base catalyst

Biodiesel production from Lipidium sativum L.seed oil by alkali-catalyzed transesterification with different alcohols: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

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